Recent Advances in Cellulose-Based Biosensors for Medical Diagnosis

Abstract

Cellulose has attracted much interest, particularly in medical applications such as advanced biosensing devices. Cellulose could provide biosensors with enhanced biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity, which could be useful for biosensors. Thus, they play a significant role in environmental monitoring, medical diagnostic tools, forensic science, and foodstuff processing safety applications. This review summarizes the recent developments in cellulose-based biosensors targeting the molecular design principles toward medical detection purposes. The recognition/detection mechanisms of cellulose-based biosensors demonstrate two major classes of measurable signal generation, including optical and electrochemical cellulosic biosensors. As a result of their simplicity, high sensitivity, and low cost, cellulose-based optical biosensors are particularly of great interest for including label-free and label-driven (fluorescent and colorimetric) biosensors. There have been numerous types of cellulose substrates employed in biosensors, including several cellulose derivatives, nano-cellulose, bacterial cellulose, paper, gauzes, and hydrogels. These kinds of cellulose-based biosensors were discussed according to their preparation procedures and detection principle. Cellulose and its derivatives with their distinctive chemical structure have demonstrated to be versatile materials, affording a high-quality platform for accomplishing the immobilization process of biologically active molecules into biosensors. Cellulose-based biosensors exhibit a variety of desirable characteristics, such as sensitivity, accuracy, convenience, quick response, and low-cost. For instance, cellulose paper-based biosensors are characterized as being low-cost and easy to operate, while nano-cellulose biosensors are characterized as having a good dispersion, high absorbance capacity, and large surface area. Cellulose and its derivatives have been promising materials in biosensors which could be employed to monitor various bio-molecules, such as urea, glucose, cell, amino acid, protein, lactate, hydroquinone, gene, and cholesterol. The future interest will focus on the design and construction of multifunctional, miniaturized, low-cost, environmentally friendly, and integrated biosensors. Thus, the production of cellulose-based biosensors is very important.

Metal Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Sensing: Progress and Challenges in the Clinical Transition of Point-of-Care Testing

“…These types of ECBs usually use catalytic biorecognition modifications that result in the change of ionic strength in the cell [ 118 , 119 ]. This change is then measured to determine the biomolecules qualitatively and quantitatively [ 73 , 120 ]. Kolahchi et al have developed a miniaturized conductometric electrodes for phenol detection [ 121 ].…”

A Cellulose Paper-Based Fluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Quantitative Detection of Cardiac Troponin I

“…Cellulose constitutes an attractive and popular material for biosensors and LFA [ 15 ]. It is often found in the sample and absorbent pads due to its absorptive capacity, low cost, tensile strength, wide availability, and suitability for rapid roll-to-roll manufacture.…”

Laser-Tunable Printed ZnO Nanoparticles for Paper-Based UV Sensors with Reduced Humidity Interference

“…In order to address the environmental concerns and end-of-life disposal challenges, paper was reinvented as a building component in flexible electronics because it is disposable, recyclable, inexpensive and one of the most abundant organic materials. Therefore, paper-based substrate has been explored with the aim of developing a variety of components, such as electronic and optoelectronic devices [ 1 , 2 ], electrochemical biosensors [ 3 , 4 , 5 ] and physical sensors [ 6 , 7 ]. Among them, physical sensors which transduce physical parameters, such as mechanical and optical signals, into processable electrical signals represent a major category of paper-based devices and might play an important role in the upcoming era of wearable electronics.…”