Recent Advances in Conjugated Polymer-Based Biosensors for Virus Detection

Abstract

Nowadays, virus pandemics have become a major burden seriously affecting human health and social and economic development. Thus, the design and fabrication of effective and low-cost techniques for early and accurate virus detection have been given priority for prevention and control of such pandemics. Biosensors and bioelectronic devices have been demonstrated as promising technology to resolve the major drawbacks and problems of the current detection methods. Discovering and applying advanced materials have offered opportunities to develop and commercialize biosensor devices for effectively controlling pandemics. Along with various well-known materials such as gold and silver nanoparticles, carbon-based materials, metal oxide-based materials, and graphene, conjugated polymer (CPs) have become one of the most promising candidates for preparation and construction of excellent biosensors with high sensitivity and specificity to different virus analytes owing to their unique π orbital structure and chain conformation alterations, solution processability, and flexibility. Therefore, CP-based biosensors have been regarded as innovative technologies attracting great interest from the community for early diagnosis of COVID-19 as well as other virus pandemics. For providing precious scientific evidence of CP-based biosensor technologies in virus detection, this review aims to give a critical overview of the recent research related to use of CPs in fabrication of virus biosensors. We emphasize structures and interesting characteristics of different CPs and discuss the state-of-the-art applications of CP-based biosensors as well. In addition, different types of biosensors such as optical biosensors, organic thin film transistors (OTFT), and conjugated polymer hydrogels (CPHs) based on CPs are also summarized and presented.

Emerging Applications of Nanobiosensors in Pathogen Detection in Water and Food

“…This is achieved when the biomarker is bound to a biorecognition element of the biosensor, the recognition event between the biomarker and the biorecognition element results in a change in the SPR resonance angle [31]. Conjugated polymers, such as those that include silver nanoparticles are promising materials for addressing the current and emerging issues such as pandemic monitoring [177], and pathogen detection both in food [148] and water [146].…”

Rapid detection of Salmonella using an aptamer-functionalized PDA liposome sensor with naked-eye colorimetric sensing

“…In order to address these issues, multiple ongoing studies are currently developing colorimetric biosensors that use polydiacetylene (PDA) to enable visual detection. 19–21 PDA sensors display easily observable color changes, affordability, and versatile application potential, driving comprehensive research in this field. The polymerization of diacetylene (DA) to form PDA occurs through a photoreaction without the need for a chemical initiator, enabling the synthesis of high purity PDA without byproducts.…”

On-The-Spot Sampling and Detection of Viral Particles on Solid Surfaces Using a Sponge Virus Sensor Incorporated with Finger-Press Fluid Release

“…25 Among these methods, electrochemical sensors stand out for their high sensitivity and fast response and utilize specific interactions between viral particles and receptors such as antibodies and aptamers on sensing electrodes. 26 Surface modification with biofunctionalized materials such as silicon nanowires, 27 graphene, 28 carbon nanotubes, 29 quantum dots, 30 and many nanocomposites 31 are often incorporated to enhance the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors. Different sampling technologies accompany virus detection methods to collect virus particles from diverse environments, 32 .…”