Recent Advances in Electrochemical and Optical Biosensors Designed for Detection of Interleukin 6

Abstract

Interleukin 6 (IL-6), being a major component of homeostasis, immunomodulation, and hematopoiesis, manifests multiple pathological conditions when upregulated in response to viral, microbial, carcinogenic, or autoimmune stimuli. High fidelity immunosensors offer real-time monitoring of IL-6 and facilitate early prognosis of life-threatening diseases. Different approaches to augment robustness and enhance overall performance of biosensors have been demonstrated over the past few years. Electrochemical- and fluorescence-based detection methods with integrated electronics have been subjects of intensive research due to their ability to offer a better signal-to-noise ratio, high specificity, ultra-sensitivity, and wide dynamic range. In this review, the pleiotropic role of IL-6 and its clinical significance is discussed in detail, followed by detection schemes devised so far for their quantitative analysis. A critical review on underlying signal amplification strategies and performance of electrochemical and optical biosensors is presented. In conclusion, we discuss the reliability and feasibility of the proposed detection technologies for commercial applications.

Advancement in biosensors for inflammatory biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 during 2019–2020

“…In the past, numerous sensors have been developed for the detection of interleukin-6, which have been summarized by Khan et al ( Khan and Mujahid, 2020 ). The authors have discussed the electrochemical and optical sensors for IL-6.…”

Impedimetric Detection of Femtomolar Levels of Interleukin 6, Interleukin 8, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Based on Thermally Modified Nanotubular Titanium Dioxide Arrays

“…The detection of selected markers with the use of biosensors, described in the literature (Table 3), is a long-term process due to the multi-stage nature of its preparation [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The presented biosensors require the use of additional surface functionalization processes, such as silanization [3], surface modification with EDC/NHS [6][7][8]12], Merkapto [8], APTES [4,9], or marking antibodies with biotin/streptavidin [9,13,14]. In addition, the immobilization time of antibodies is equal to night [1,2], 12 [10], 6 [3], 5 [12], 4 [4], and 3 h [6,9], and antigens 6 [3] and 2 h [14].…”

“…The presented biosensors require the use of additional surface functionalization processes, such as silanization [3], surface modification with EDC/NHS [6][7][8]12], Merkapto [8], APTES [4,9], or marking antibodies with biotin/streptavidin [9,13,14]. In addition, the immobilization time of antibodies is equal to night [1,2], 12 [10], 6 [3], 5 [12], 4 [4], and 3 h [6,9], and antigens 6 [3] and 2 h [14]. The titanium dioxide nanotube biosensor described in the manuscript does not require the use of additional surface modification processes, which allows for a faster electrode preparation process.…”

“…Current methods for detection of IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα are based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests [8,9]. These methods require sophisticated instrumentation, aseptic handling, highly qualified personnel.…”

Antibody Micropatterned Lubricant‐Infused Biosensors Enable Sub‐Picogram Immunofluorescence Detection of Interleukin 6 in Human Whole Plasma

“…There are a large number of different IL‐6 detection techniques that have been reported in the literature including electrochemical sensors, [ 13–22 ] surface plasmon resonance (SPR), [ 23–25 ] chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), [ 26–29 ] and immunofluorescence assays (IFA), [ 30–33 ] Utilizing 0‐ and 1‐D materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), [ 14,16 ] nanoparticles and nanowires, [ 13,19 ] as well as porous nanoparticles, [ 15 ] optical fibers, [ 32 ] and microfluidic platforms, [ 28 ] have enabled higher sensitivity in IL‐6 detection and to date, electrochemical methods have proven to be the most promising candidate for detection of IL‐6 at very low concentrations (0.33 pg mL −1 in buffer) with a wide linear dynamic range. [ 22 ] While reported IL‐6 biosensors have demonstrated satisfactory LODs in buffer or processed serum, their performance in human whole plasma declines significantly, leading to higher LOD's and/or false positive results.…”