Recent Advances in Enhancement Strategies for Electrochemical ELISA-Based Immunoassays for Cancer Biomarker Detection

Abstract

Electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based immunoassays for cancer biomarker detection have recently attracted much interest owing to their higher sensitivity, amplification of signal, ease of handling, potential for automation and combination with miniaturized analytical systems, low cost and comparative simplicity for mass production. Their developments have considerably improved the sensitivity required for detection of low concentrations of cancer biomarkers present in bodily fluids in the early stages of the disease. Recently, various attempts have been made in their development and several methods and processes have been described for their development, amplification strategies and testing. The present review mainly focuses on the development of ELISA-based electrochemical immunosensors that may be utilized for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy monitoring. Various fabrication methods and signal enhancement strategies utilized during the last few years for the development of ELISA-based electrochemical immunosensors are described.

Multisensor Systems and Arrays for Medical Applications Employing Naturally-Occurring Compounds and Materials

“…Electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), based on the amperometric registration system, has become an advantageous biotechnological tool in scientific research and clinical diagnosis [ 83 , 84 ] ( Figure 7 ). Its high sensitivity and specificity towards target proteins—antigens, in the case of conventional optical ELISA (which can quantify biomarkers of diseases in the pg/mL range), and additional features of electrochemical assays (e.g., lower sample volume, low-cost instrumentation, short time of analysis) contributed to the commercial success [ 83 ]. Also, the electrochemical ELISA is suitable for the analysis of known cancer biomarkers, and, according to a particular task, can determine up to 96 targets simultaneously [ 83 ].…”

Antibody-Electroactive Probe Conjugates Based Electrochemical Immunosensors

“…Wherefore, the enzymatic labels were recently substituted by different nanoparticles, including gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, quantum dots, cerium oxide nanoparticles, mercury selenide nanoparticles and copper-based nanoparticles [6,7]. In recent years, electrochemical ELISA-based immunosensors have also become very popular [8]. This system combines the advantages of optical ELISA and electrochemical methods.…”

Development of a Soluble KIT (sKIT) Electrochemical Aptasensor For Cancer Theranostics

“…Notably, several cancer serum biomarkers have been identified, such as CA-125 for ovarian cancer (Scholler and Urban, 2007), CA 19.9 for pancreatic cancer (Poruk et al, 2013), S100 for Melanoma (Harpio and Einarsson, 2004), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for colorectal cancer (Nicholson et al, 2015), alphafetoprotein (AFP) for hepatocellular carcinoma (Arrieta et al, 2007), and prostate specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer (Reverri et al, 2018). The detection and treatment monitoring of cancer through biomarkers that can be performed at the point-of-care (POC), especially in low resource settings could significantly reduce cancer-related morbidity and mortality and increase the overall survival rate of patients via early and precise diagnosis (Arya and Estrela, 2018;Goossens et al, 2015Goossens et al, , 2015Hristova and Chan, 2019).…”