Recent advances in flexible sweat glucose biosensors

Abstract

Continuous monitoring of the blood glucose levels is necessary for its diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, researchers have discovered a correlation between sweat glucose and blood glucose. The methodology of obtaining the value of blood glucose by detecting glucose in sweat is expected to replace conventional diabetes detection. Flexible sweat glucose biosensor owns the characteristics of stretchability, comfortability, and the capability of non-invasive and is a promising candidate for non-invasive diabetes monitoring. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in research and applications of the flexible sweat glucose biosensors based on enzyme and non-enzymatic detection methodologies. The correction methodologies, challenges and outlooks of the wearable sweat glucose biosensor technology are also be discussed.

Graphene-interfaced flexible and stretchable micro–nano electrodes: from fabrication to sweat glucose detection

“…27,31,32 Progress in colorimetric transduction signal generation has been made using wearable sensors to monitor target biomarkers in sweat in the presence of different indicator dyes. 14,15,31,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] However, these require multi-step processing and external readout analysis components to detect the analytes in a biofluid. Currently, sweat is used in the medical diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, electrolyte imbalance for athletic training, autonomic neuropathy and drug abuse Materials Horizons Review detection.…”

“…Many excellent reviews have previously been published that have extensively covered a variety of flexible and wearable sensors along with their applications. 5,[13][14][15][16][17][18] Most of the important reviews have also been referenced in this article. However, unlike other reviews, the current review is directed more toward practical approaches to fabricating different types of flexible and wearable graphene sensor electrodes.…”

Flexible Ceramic Film Sensors for Free-Form Devices

“…This demonstrates a clear correlation with wearable and 3D electronic device research trends. Among the flexible sensors, strain sensors for precise motion detection, such as that of human muscles [42], and photodetectors for biomonitoring, such as continuous glucose monitoring [43][44][45], have seen the most research growth, while other fundamental sensors for temperature [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] and humidity [54] have also begun to grow. Temperature sensors, in particular, are the most important since they function as temperature compensators for the other sensors.…”

Non-enzymatic glucose sensors composed of trimetallic CuO/Ag/NiO based composite materials

“…These results suggest that nanoporous CuO/Ag/NiO-based composite materials are a promising candidate for early diagnosis of hyperglycemia and treatment of diabetes. Furthermore, non-enzymatic glucose sensors may pave the way for novel glucometer markets.The scientific communities worldwide have recently given glucose detection approaches a lot of attention [1][2][3][4] . Over 537 million people worldwide have diabetes, a chronic disease that claims over 1.5 million lives annually 5 .…”

“…The scientific communities worldwide have recently given glucose detection approaches a lot of attention [1][2][3][4] . Over 537 million people worldwide have diabetes, a chronic disease that claims over 1.5 million lives annually 5 .…”