Recent advances in
            <i>Penicillium expansum</i>
            infection mechanisms and current methods in controlling
            <i>P. expansum</i>
            in postharvest apples

Wang, Kaili; Ngea, Guillaume Legrand Ngolong; Godana, Esa Abiso; Shi, Yu; Lanhuang, Boen; Zhang, Xiaoyun; Zhao, Lina; Yang, Qiya; Wang, Siyun; Zhang, Hongyin

doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1978384

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Domesticated apples ( Malus x domestica ) are regarded as an important crop worldwide as they can be stored for a long period of time, ensuring an appropriate supply of fresh fruit throughout the year [ 3 , 4 , 26 ]. However, apples are susceptible to infection by pathogens and therefore the development of decay during long-term postharvest storage [ 5 ]. Moreover, a period of cold storage followed by transfer to warmer temperatures has been proven to stimulate the development of decay on fruits and therefore mycotoxin production [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The average storage period for apples is usually a few months but can increase up to one year in cold conditions and controlled-atmosphere regimes. However, long storage periods can lead to the infection of apples by pathogens, resulting in the development of decay [ 5 ]. Moreover, the nutritional composition of apples is favorable to the growth of pathogenic fungi, especially Penicillium expansum , which causes blue mold disease [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on Penicillium expansum Occurrence and Patulin Accumulation

Al Riachy,

Strub,

Durand

et al. 2024

Toxins

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Patulin is a secondary metabolite primarily synthesized by the fungus Penicillium expansum, which is responsible for blue mold disease on apples. The latter are highly susceptible to fungal infection in the postharvest stages. Apples destined to produce compotes are processed throughout the year, which implies that long periods of storage are required under controlled atmospheres. P. expansum is capable of infecting apples throughout the whole process, and patulin can be detected in the end-product. In the present study, 455 apples (organically and conventionally grown), destined to produce compotes, of the variety “Golden Delicious” were sampled at multiple postharvest steps. The apple samples were analyzed for their patulin content and P. expansum was quantified using real-time PCR. The patulin results showed no significant differences between the two cultivation techniques; however, two critical control points were identified: the long-term storage and the deck storage of apples at ambient temperature before transport. Additionally, alterations in the epiphytic microbiota of both fungi and bacteria throughout various steps were investigated through the application of a metabarcoding approach. The alpha and beta diversity analysis highlighted the effect of long-term storage, causing an increase in the bacterial and fungal diversity on apples, and showed significant differences in the microbial communities during the different postharvest steps. The different network analyses demonstrated intra-species relationships. Multiple pairs of fungal and bacterial competitive relationships were observed. Positive interactions were also observed between P. expansum and multiple fungal and bacterial species. These network analyses provide a basis for further fungal and bacterial interaction analyses for fruit disease biocontrol.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on Penicillium expansum Occurrence and Patulin Accumulation

Al Riachy,

Strub,

Durand

et al. 2024

Toxins

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show abstract

“…Penicillium expansum is a predominant causal agent, which was isolated from the blue mold of fresh C. pilosula during storage by our research team [ 9 ]. The infection of P. expansum not only leads to the occurrence of postharvest blue mold in C. pilosula , but also produces patulin with carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone Application Suppressed the Blue Mold Development and Maintained the Main Active Ingredients Content of Postharvest Fresh Codonopsis pilosula during Storage

Chen,

Liu,

Liu

et al. 2024

JoF

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Penicillium expansum is the predominant causal agent causing blue mold in postharvest fresh Codonopsis pilosula during storage. The pathogen reduces the yield and affects the quality of C. pilosula and even generates patulin, threatening human health. In this study, postharvest fresh, healthy C. pilosula was sprayed with P. expansum, and the control effect of ozone on postharvest diseases of C. pilosula was studied, and the effect of ozone on the contents in the main active ingredients of C. pilosula was compared; finally, the effect of ozone on reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in C. pilosula was analyzed. The results showed that 2 mg L−1 ozone application significantly inhibited the occurrence of postharvest blue mold caused by P. expansum, reduced weight loss rate, controlled the accumulation of patulin and maintained the contents of the main active components in C. pilosula. The study will provide a theoretical basis for ozone treatment to control the occurrence of postharvest diseases of C. pilosula.

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“…Penicillium expansum is an important postharvest pathogenic fungus that causes blue mold in several temperate fruits. During colonization, the pathogen produces patulin and citrinin in the fruit, posing a potential threat to consumer health [ 1 ]. Ergosterol is a fungal-specific sterol found in the plasma membrane of fungi [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erg4 Is Involved in Ergosterol Biosynthesis, Conidiation and Stress Response in Penicillium expansum

Han,

Zong,

Zhang

et al. 2023

JoF

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erg4 is a key gene for ergosterol biosynthesis in filamentous fungi, but its function in Penicillium expansum remains unknown. Our results showed that P. expansum contains three erg4 genes, including erg4A, erg4B and erg4C. The expression levels of the three genes showed differences in the wild-type (WT) strain, and the expression level of erg4B was the highest, followed by erg4C. Deletion of erg4A, erg4B or erg4C in the WT strain revealed functional redundancy between them. Compared to the WT strain, erg4A, erg4B or erg4C knockout mutants reduced ergosterol levels, with erg4B deletion having the greatest effect. Furthermore, deletion of the three genes reduced sporulation of the strain, and Δerg4B and Δerg4C mutants showed defective spore morphology. In addition, Δerg4B and Δerg4C mutants were found to be more sensitive to cell wall integrity and oxidative stress. However, deletion of erg4A, erg4B or erg4C had no significant effect on colony diameter, spore germination rate, conidiophore structure of P. expansum or pathogenicity to apple fruit. Taken together, erg4A, erg4B and erg4C have redundant functions and are all involved in ergosterol synthesis and sporulation in P. expansum. In addition, erg4B and erg4C contribute to spore morphogenesis, cell wall integrity and response to oxidative stress in P. expansum.

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Recent advances in Penicillium expansum infection mechanisms and current methods in controlling P. expansum in postharvest apples

Cited by 28 publications

References 115 publications

The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on Penicillium expansum Occurrence and Patulin Accumulation

The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on Penicillium expansum Occurrence and Patulin Accumulation

Ozone Application Suppressed the Blue Mold Development and Maintained the Main Active Ingredients Content of Postharvest Fresh Codonopsis pilosula during Storage

Erg4 Is Involved in Ergosterol Biosynthesis, Conidiation and Stress Response in Penicillium expansum

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