Recent Advances in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells: Designing and Fabrication

Abstract

Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been extensively studied by reason of their negligible hysteresis effect, easy fabrication, flexible PSCs and good stability. The certified photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) achieved 23.5% owing to the formed lead−sulfur (Pb−S) bonds through the surface sulfidation process of perovskite film, which gradually approaches the performance of traditional upright structure PSCs and indicates their industrial application potential. However, the fabricated devices are severely affected by moisture, high temperature and ultraviolet light due to the application of organic materials. Depending on nitrogen, cost of protection may increase, especially for the industrial production in the future. In addition, the inverted PSCs are found with a series of issues compared with the traditional upright PSCs, such as nonradiative recombination of carriers, inferior stability and costly charge transport materials. Thus, the development of inverted PSCs is systematically reviewed in this paper. The design and fabrication of charge transport materials and perovskite materials, enhancement strategies (e.g., interface modification and doping) and the development of all−inorganic inverted devices are discussed to present the indicator for development of efficient and stable inverted PSCs.

Performance analyses of highly efficient inverted all-perovskite bilayer solar cell

“…Moreover, they have high environmental stability when compared to the n–i–p structure 33 . For inverted PSCs, the types of HTL can be divided into conductive—polymer HTL, organic small—molecule HTL, and inorganic—semiconductor HTL according to the property of materials 34 . In inverted PVSCs, PTAA, PEDOT:PSS, and NiO x are the most popular materials for hole collection, and C 60 and its derivatives (like PCBM) are the generally used electron collection materials that have good performances with doping-free systems which possessed excellent stability 33 .…”

“…PEDOT:PSS, as conductive − polymer materials, is used in this work because of its excellent electron conductivity, high transmittance, matched energy level, and low-temperature annealing process. Although, PEDOT: PSS has been extensively explored as HTL for inverted devices, PEDOT: PSS—based inverted PSC suffered a poor V oc 34 . In perovskite films, the often observed behavior is ion migration which is the main origin of the hysteresis phenomenon.…”

Proposal and Numerical Analysis of Organic/Sb2Se3 All-Thin-Film Tandem Solar Cell

“…Although inverted-type (p-i-n) solar cell structures have been widely investigated owing to their better stability compared with the conventional structures (n-i-p) [54], more awareness should be given when selecting the HTL material in the inverted-type structure as this material will be deposited on the absorber film. For instance, PEDOT:PSS, as an HTL, is applied as a suspended solution in water, resulting in processing spin-coating issues [55].…”

Transformation of Polarization Mechanisms by Dimensional Reduction in Lead-Free Silver Bismuth Bromide Double-Perovskite Thin Films

“…Metal halide perovskites currently develop toward a promising alternative in future energy applications due to their unique properties as semiconducting materials and their ease of processing from solution-based methods. ,− Understanding their contact formation to metal electrodes or other semiconductor layers and the response to an applied voltage plays a crucial role for the possible use in electronic devices such as light-emitting diodes, , thin-film transistors, − or solar cells. − …”