Recent advances in nanocellulose processing, functionalization and applications: a review

Thakur, Vaishali; Guleria, Ashish; Kumar, Sanjay; Sharma, Sucheta; Singh, Kulvinder

doi:10.1039/d1ma00049g

Cited by 169 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 241 publications

(330 reference statements)

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“…The modification is mainly based on the reactivity of the hydroxyl group for surface and structural properties. It is through functionalization reactions-such as oxidation, etherification, esterification, silylation, and polymer grafting-that nanocellulose can improve its extraction capacity and enhance the hydrophobicity of its surface [7,14,15]. Hydrophobic surfaces are formed due to the combination of two key factors: low surface energy, and surface roughness (i.e., hierarchical structures).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and Characterization of Hydrophobic Cellulose Nanofibrils/Silica Nanocomposites with Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane

et al. 2022

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Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have attracted much attention because of their renewability and potential biocompatibility. However, CNFs are extremely hydrophilic due to the presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups, limiting their use as a water-resistant material. In this work, we controlled the adsorption behavior of silica nanoparticles on the surface of CNFs by adjusting the synthesis conditions. The silica nanoparticle size and packing efficiency on the CNF surface could be controlled by varying the ammonium hydroxide and water concentrations. In addition, hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) was successfully grafted onto CNF or CNF/silica nanocomposite surfaces, and the quantitative content of organic/inorganic substances in HDTMS was analyzed through XPS and TGA. The HDTMS-modified CNF/silica nanocomposites were more advantageous in terms of hydrophobicity than the HDTMS-modified CNF composites. This is because the silica nanoparticles were adsorbed on the surface of the CNFs, increasing the surface roughness and simultaneously increasing the amount of HDTMS. As a result, the HDTMS-modified CNFs showed a water contact angle (WCA) of ~80°, whereas HDTMS-modified CNF/silica nanocomposites obtained superhydrophobicity, with a WCA of up to ~159°. This study can provide a reference for the expansion of recyclable eco-friendly coating materials via the adsorption of silica nanoparticles and hydrophobic modification of CNF materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and Characterization of Hydrophobic Cellulose Nanofibrils/Silica Nanocomposites with Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane

et al. 2022

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“…Several strategies to modify individual NC structures in solution exploiting organic chemistry or the interaction between NC and polymers or surfactants have been extensively reviewed. [9,[93][94][95][96] Herein, we focus on the problems arising from the peculiarity of NC and on the unconventional approaches aimed at engineering the NC's assembly or the NC's film interface properties.…”

Section: Reactivity Of Cellulose and Interface Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the extensive literature reported on this subject, several protocols have been set up and commented in the published reviews. [9,94,121] Hereinafter, we cite or comment just some research papers reporting protocols which are effective in our personal experience or are at the frontiers of nanocellulose modification.…”

Section: Available Reactive Groups and Functionalization Routesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocellulose and Its Interface: On the Road to the Design of Emerging Materials

Bettotti

Scarpa

2021

Adv Materials Inter

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The interest in the hierarchical structure, the multi-scale organization, and the properties of cellulose has long been the prerogative of botanists and plant physiologists. The last decade has witnessed the potential of a top-down approach to take apart cellulose-based raw materials into their micro-and nano-sized building blocks and to use them to design and fabricate functional materials and devices with new and, in some cases, outstanding properties. At present, cellulose is not only one of the main constituents of the plant and bacterial kingdom, it is also an important component of materials and manufactured goods, such as paper, textiles, or food additives. Depending on the extent of the scale down process, the fragments have variable size and in this review are collectively indicated as nanocellulose (NC). Although the interfacial properties of NC are always mentioned and recognized to contribute significantly to NC behavior, there is still room for reviewing the several recent reports highlighting the role of the interaction at the interface. In this scenario, the interface driven performances of some advanced NC-based materials are gaining in importance. This review aims at providing an overview of the most advanced of them, such as the Pickering emulsions, the supercapacitors, the drug crystallizing capsules, the nanowood.In nature, cellulose is synthesized by plants and also by some bacterial strains which can polymerize the glucose residues into linear β − 1, 4 −glucan chains. Once extracellularly secreted, the chains assemble, crystallize (the degree of crystallinity is up to 90%), and form nanostructures called bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) which in turn assemble forming microfibrils. Different from plant tissues where cellulose is embedded in a heterogeneous macrostructure, bacterial secretions are made of pure cellulose and are considered an excellent source of NC. [2] However, due to the large availability of cellulose from wood or other lowcost vegetable sources such as agriculture wastes, plant cellulose is the most common material for NC production. Several strategies for the preparation of NC have been reported. [3] A popular production route uses a pretreatment to introduce negative charges by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) mediated oxidation followed by a mechanical disintegration. [4] The behavior of NC has been largely studied, and it is well assessed that when NC colloidal suspensions are dried, they form flexible and transparent films with multifunctional properties. [5] These properties, first of all, depend on the degree of fibrillation of the colloidal NC. [6] Conversely, in aqueous solutions, NC Nanocellulose has several unique properties that render it a versatile mate rial with possible uses in a broad spectrum of applications. Nanocellulose is proved to form stable colloidal suspensions with interesting rheological properties, assemble in soft hydrogels of tunable porosity, compact dried films. Suggested or already current applications of these systems are in the f...

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“…Cationic CNF (c-CNF) can be used both in high-end applications as nanocomposites and high volume applications, 19 and is gaining increasing attention as a potential novel nanomaterial with tailored properties in more specialized applications. 20,21 Cationic CNF has capability to align along the evaporating droplet boundary line by self-assembly mechanisms. 22 By dispersing carbon nanotubes with c-CNF, there is a potential to form aligned structures also in electrically conductive composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-assembled cellulose nanofiber–carbon nanotube nanocomposite films with anisotropic conductivity

et al. 2022

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Recent advances in nanocellulose processing, functionalization and applications: a review

Abstract: In recent years, environmental and ecological concerns are becoming one of the major issues due to the expansion of petroleum-based synthetics and products, the development of novel and effective synthetic...

Cited by 169 publications

References 241 publications

Fabrication and Characterization of Hydrophobic Cellulose Nanofibrils/Silica Nanocomposites with Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane

Fabrication and Characterization of Hydrophobic Cellulose Nanofibrils/Silica Nanocomposites with Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane

Nanocellulose and Its Interface: On the Road to the Design of Emerging Materials

Self-assembled cellulose nanofiber–carbon nanotube nanocomposite films with anisotropic conductivity

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