Recent Advances in Porphyrin-Based Materials for Metal Ions Detection

Abstract

Porphyrins have planar and conjugated structures, good optical properties, and other special functional properties. Owing to these excellent properties, in recent years, porphyrins and their analogues have emerged as a multifunctional platform for chemical sensors. The rich chemistry of these molecules offers many possibilities for metal ions detection. This review mainly discusses two types of molecular porphyrin and porphyrin composite sensors for metal ions detection, because porphyrins can be functionalized to improve their functional properties, which can introduce more chemical and functional sites. According to the different application materials, the section of porphyrin composite sensors is divided into five sub-categories: (1) porphyrin film, (2) porphyrin metal complex, (3) metal–organic frameworks, (4) graphene materials, and (5) other materials, respectively.

Supramolecular Porphyrin Nanostructures Based on Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly and Their Visible Light Catalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye

“…The fabrication of highly ordered and diversified morphologies of nano- and micro-structured optoelectronic materials is of great contemporaneous interest, especially for their applications in catalysis, sensing, solar energy conversion, and storage [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Among the various building blocks, porphyrins are attractive components for the construction of self-assembled nanomaterials with well-defined shapes and dimensions [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Recent Advances in Chemical Sensors Using Porphyrin-Carbon Nanostructure Hybrid Materials

“…Despite their remarkable achievements as individual elements, their mutual combination in hybrid nanostructured materials often revealed a winning strategy, leading to increased performances and novel opportunities to transduce the porphyrin-analyte interaction in a measurable signal [10,12,18,19]. This topic is abundantly covered in literature, and we have highlighted here the recent examples reported in the last four years, almost narrowing the field of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) to graphene, carbon nanotubes and dots (Figure 1).…”

“…Chemical receptors can be virtually selected among inorganic and organic materials, although this latter category lends itself to undergo straightforward and creative modifications designed ad hoc for a specific purpose. Among them, porphyrins are undoubtedly exploited in a large number of systems used in chemical sensing [10][11][12], the main reason being the peculiar optical, catalytic and electrochemical properties, easily tunable by well-established synthetic protocols, which enable their use in different transduction modes. Similarly, carbon nanomaterials are extensively investigated and applied in chemical sensors [13][14][15][16][17], thanks to their distinctive intrinsic optical, electronic and magnetic properties, biocompatibility, chemical versatility and absorption capability.…”

Highly Sensitive and Selective Fluorescence “Turn-On” Detection of Pb (II) Based on Fe3O4@Au–FITC Nanocomposite

“…Many methods for the rapid detection of Pb 2+ were reported including colorimetric [ 5 , 6 ], fluorescent [ 7 , 8 ], and electrochemical methods [ 9 , 10 ]. Among them, the fluorescent method has drawn much attention due to its advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity, and simple operation [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”