Recent advances in stratification and film formation of latex films; attenuated total reflection and step‐scan photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopic studies

Niu, Bor‐J.; Urban, Marek W.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19981114)70:7<1321::aid-app9>3.3.co;2-u

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The impact of functional groups at the surface of acrylic latex particles on the kinetics of polymer interdiffusion has been investigated by fluorescence decay measurements 10. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used for the study of surfactant–latex molecular level interactions11 and the distribution of surfactant in the final latex film 12. Dynamic mechanical analysis has also proved to be a useful option in the study of polymer interdiffusion 13…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drying and film formation of industrial waterborne latices

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Experimental evidence is given for the mechanism of film formation from industrial waterborne latices using Inverse‐Micro‐Raman‐Spectroscopy (IMRS). In the vertical direction of the film drying is gas‐side controlled, indicated by uniform water concentration profiles. In the horizontal direction inhomogeneous drying resulting from a horizontal mass flux toward the edge of the film and the formation of a drying front are observed. The completeness of film formation is tested by so‐called IMRS redispersion experiments. For hard latices (Texperiment ≃ Tmff) particle deformation is incomplete and the final coating—although transparent and optically clear—is a porous structure with a network of surfactant material located at the particle interfaces. The use of a film‐forming aid lowers the polymer's minimum film formation temperature (Tmff) and facilitates particle deformation and polymer interdiffusion. The result is a nonporous film structure where individual particles and a network of surfactant material are no longer observed. IMRS redispersion experiments are compared with pictures of the final coating surface obtained from atomic force microscopy (AFM). © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drying and film formation of industrial waterborne latices

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The peak at 890 cm −1 in Fig 1(a) resulted from a combination of rocking and wagging vibrations of CF 2 groups,25 which did not appear in Fig 1(b). The peak at 1056 cm −1 originated from the symmetric SO stretching vibration of the SO 3 − groups 26…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of fluorinated polyacrylate latex with core–shell structure

Zhang

Chen

2005

Polymer International

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fluorinated polyacrylate latices with core-shell structure were prepared by semi-continuous emulsion polymerization, using a mixed emulsifier system composed of a reactive emulsifier and a small amount of anionic emulsifier. The conversion and chemical components of the final latices were studied by gravimetric methods and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, respectively. The structure of the latex particles was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analysis. The latex films exhibited a low surface energy and high water-contact angles. The surface analysis from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the fluorinated components preferentially self-organized at the film-air interface. From XPS depth profiling of the film, it was found that a gradient concentration of fluorine existed in the structure of the latex film from the film-air interface to the film-glass interface. Compared with the core-shell structure with a fluorinated core, the core-shell structure with a fluorinated shell was more effective for modifying the properties of the latex films.

show abstract

“…However, for faster drying speeds (i.e., seconds), it would not be possible to map a line or area within the time frame. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy has been applied to study dynamic processes such as crystallization of droplets, 15 latex film formation, 16 with multibounce ATR offering insight at both the film−air interface and the film−substrate interface 17 and this technique has also been used to measure latex binder migration upon drying. 18 Recent advances in computational speed and the introduction of infrared array detectors enable film formation to be studied at high temperatures and speeds while retaining chemical specificity and also providing spatial information without the use of mapping.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Drying and Film Formation of Latex Dispersions Studied with FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging

Kimber

Gerst²,

Kazarian

2014

Langmuir

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Drying of thin latex films (∼20 μm) at high drying speeds (of the order of seconds) has been studied by fast chemical imaging. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging combined with a fast "kinetic" mode was used to acquire spectral images without coaddition, enabling the amount of water and homogeneity of the drying film to be studied over time. Drying profiles, constructed from analyzing the water content in each image, show two stages of drying, a fast and a slow region. The formulation of latex dispersions affects the onset of slow drying and the volume fraction of water remaining at the onset of slow drying. In this work, the effect of physical properties, film thickness and glass transition temperature (Tg), were investigated, as well as the effect of monomer composition where two monomoers, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and n-butyl acrylate, and the amount of hydrophilic comonomer, methyl methacrylate (MMA), were varied. It was found that thicker films produced slower overall drying and that the formulation with a Tg above the minimum film formation temperature did not dry evenly, exhibiting cracking. However, the drying kinetics of high and low Tg films were similar, highlighting the advantage of using a spatially-resolved spectroscopic approach. Formulations containing more MMA dried faster than those with less. This was due to the hydrophilicity of MMA and the increase in Tg of the dispersion from the addition of MMA. Overall, FTIR spectroscopic imaging was shown to be a suitable approach in measuring film drying at high speeds as both chemical changes and chemical distribution could be analyzed over time.

show abstract

Recent advances in stratification and film formation of latex films; attenuated total reflection and step‐scan photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopic studies

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

Drying and film formation of industrial waterborne latices

Drying and film formation of industrial waterborne latices

Investigation of fluorinated polyacrylate latex with core–shell structure

Fast Drying and Film Formation of Latex Dispersions Studied with FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About