Recent Advances in Techniques for Freezing Red Cells

Valeri, C. R.; Greenwalt, Tibor J.

doi:10.3109/10408367009027949

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…Using this technique, Gerst et al [27] were the first to demonstrate the feasibility of using autologous frozen blood for patients undergoing elective surgery. The procedures for freezing red cells are also compatible with other innovations such as metabolic rejuvenation of aged red cells [5] or enzymatic alteration of blood groups, e.g. conversion of group B red cells to blood group O, the 'universal donor' group [28].…”

Section: Low Glycerol / Rapid Freeze Preservationmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…In fact, blood frozen by one technique could be thawed, deglycerolized, and then refrozen by the same or different method. Current data support the fact that frozen red cells, properly stored, can be preserved safely for transfusion for up to 37 years and perhaps indefinitely [4,5,13,29], provided that the storage temperature is maintained sufficiently low. It is now time for federal regulators (e.g.…”

Section: Low Glycerol / Rapid Freeze Preservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Red cells frozen by this technique and stored continuously at -80 °C have been shown to survive well when thawed, deglycerolized, and transfused. The original high glycerol / slow freeze process developed by Tullis and colleagues [4] has been greatly simplified whereby the red cells are now more easily glycerolized without use of a centrifugal bowl and can be frozen in the primary collection bag to optimize donor identification, particularly for autologous blood [5]. In addition, the deglycerolization process was greatly simplified by Meryman and Hornblower [3] who found that the red cells could be diluted with one or more salt solutions of different concentration and washed by either continuous-flow centrifugation or by automated batch centrifugation.…”

Section: High Glycerol / Slow Freeze Preservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This high glycerol / slow freeze colligative approach involves treatment of red cells with concentrations of glycerol approaching 40-50 g/dl, followed by slow cooling to -80 °C over a period of several hours [1][2][3][4][5]. Specially engineered, reusable, stainless steel continuous-flow centrifugal equipment was originally developed by Allan 'Jack' Latham for the automation of the Cohn plasma fractionation procedure.…”

Section: High Glycerol / Slow Freeze Preservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several colligative (dependence on properties of the additive) and kinetic (dependence on rate of cooling) approaches to the freezing of red cells for clinical use have since evolved during the past 50 years, and each uses selected cooling rates with different concentrations of the clinically acceptable intracellular cryoprotectant, glycerol. The most notable three efficacious and clinically safe techniques that were developed for cryopreservation of blood are the high glycerol / slow freeze method [1][2][3][4][5], the cytoglomeration procedure [6][7][8], and the low glycerol / rapid freeze method [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Each of these procedures utilize glycerol as the cryoprotectant of choice but differ in a) the concentration used, b) the rate of cooling, c) the temperature of storage, and d) the method by which glycerol is introduced into and removed from the cells.…”

Section: Cryopreservation Of Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryopreservation of Red Cells by Freezing and Vitrification – Some Recollections and Predictions

Rowe¹

2002

Transfus Med Hemother

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A science that originated over 50 years ago, cryobiology, has matured to become an indispensable adjunct to blood transfusion medicine. Before we can look to the future of cryobiology and blood preservation, it is essential to understand what has gone before, what is the current state of the art, and finally where do we go from here. This paper attempts to meet this challenge. Red cells can be cryopreserved successfully using one of two approaches: colligative or kinetic. The colligative approach utilizes glycerol in high concentration and slow cooling at uncontrolled rates. Kinetic approaches utilize either glycerol at low concentration and rapid controlled cooling rates, or extracellular additives such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxyethyl starch (HES), polyethylene oxide (PEO), etc. and high rates of cooling usually in liquid nitrogen at –196 °C. Current data with all methods of red cell cryopreservation indicate excellent red cell recovery (>90%) and clinically acceptable in vivo survival times. Of particular interest is the innovative HES cryopreservation technique and results whereby the additive HES does not have to be removed prior to transfusion of the thawed red cells. Clinical results are most promising and more clinical trials are warranted. The future for cryopreservation of red cells in glycerol as well as in HES looks bright based on extensive clinical data. New developments in automation and sterile closed systems can now extend postthaw storage. Recent data show that thawed deglycerolized blood, processed in an apparatus with sterile connectors, can be stored safely at 4 °C for 15 days or more with acceptable 24- hour survival (⁵¹Cr) values. Current regulations need to be reviewed and revised to remove the 24-hour outdating restriction on thawed blood to allow it to reach its full potential. Experimental data also support extending the storage life of blood in the frozen state from its current limit of 10 years to at least 25 years or longer.

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Section: Low Glycerol / Rapid Freeze Preservationmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Low Glycerol / Rapid Freeze Preservationmentioning

confidence: 99%