Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Proanthocyanidins

Ferreira, Daneel; Rensburg, Hendrik van; Malan, Elfranco; Coetzee, Johan; Nel, Reinier J. J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4689-4_10

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…From a chemical point of view, PACs are oligomers or polymers resulting from the condensation of two or more 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-ol (flavan-3-ol) units, which are composed of two aromatic benzyl rings joined by three carbon atoms that form an oxygenated heterocyclic ring (C6-C3-C6) ( Figure 1 A). In this context, oligomers derive from the condensation of 2–5 flavan-3-ol units, meanwhile polymers are much larger and derived by the condensation of 6–60 units [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Unlike other flavonoids, flavan-3-ols and, consequently PACs, have saturated A-ring and, hence, are non-planar molecules [ 14 ].…”

Section: Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most famous example of this condition is represented by the catechin, which has been detected and identified in all four different forms ( Figure 1 C). In order to form a PAC, each flavan-3-ol unit is linked to another unit through C–C and/or C–O bonds [ 12 , 17 , 19 ]. The most usual linkages are C–C bonds established between the C 4 of one flavan-3-ol unit and C 8 or C 6 of another ( Figure 2 A).…”

Section: Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proanthocyanidins and Where to Find Them: A Meta-Analytic Approach to Investigate Their Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Distribution, and Effect on Human Health

et al. 2021

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Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are a class of polyphenolic compounds that are attracting considerable interest in the nutraceutical field due to their potential health benefits. However, knowledge about the chemistry, biosynthesis, and distribution of PACs is limited. This review summarizes the main chemical characteristics and biosynthetic pathways and the main analytical methods aimed at their identification and quantification in raw plant matrices. Furthermore, meta-analytic approaches were used to identify the main plant sources in which PACs were contained and to investigate their potential effect on human health. In particular, a cluster analysis identified PACs in 35 different plant families and 60 different plant parts normally consumed in the human diet. On the other hand, a literature search, coupled with forest plot analyses, highlighted how PACs can be actively involved in both local and systemic effects. Finally, the potential mechanisms of action through which PACs may impact human health were investigated, focusing on their systemic hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects and their local anti-inflammatory actions on the intestinal epithelium. Overall, this review may be considered a complete report in which chemical, biosynthetic, ecological, and pharmacological aspects of PACs are discussed.

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Section: Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Proanthocyanidins and Where to Find Them: A Meta-Analytic Approach to Investigate Their Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Distribution, and Effect on Human Health

et al. 2021

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“…Remarkably, no tannins, except for proteracacinidin-type oligomers, exist in this species [ 93 ]. Their synthesis might result from the monomeric flavan-3,4-diol precursors’ pyrogallol A-ring losing its nucleophilicity, allowing alternate centers to take part in the formation of the interflavanyl bonding process [ 104 ]. These agents are complemented by flavonol, dihydroflavonol, flavanone, proteracacinidin dimers, and chalcone analogs [ 105 ].…”

Section: Chemical Components Isolated From Acaciamentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive Compounds, Pharmacological Actions, and Pharmacokinetics of Genus Acacia

et al. 2022

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Plants are a promising source of bioactive compounds that can be used to tackle many emerging diseases both infectious and non-infectious. Among different plants, Acacia is a very large genus and exhibits a diverse array of bioactive agents with remarkable pharmacological properties against different diseases. Acacia, a herb found all over the world, contains approximately more than 1200 species of the Fabaceae family. In the present review, we have collected detailed information on biochemical as well as pharmacological properties. The data were retrieved using different databases, such as Elsevier, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scopus, and an extensive literature survey was carried out. Studies have shown that Acacia possesses several secondary metabolites, including amines, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, seed oils, cyclitols, fluoroacetate, gums, non-protein amino acids, diterpenes, fatty acids, terpenes, hydrolyzable tannins, and condensed tannins. These compounds exhibit a wide range of pharmaceutical applications such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiviral, liver protective effects, and so on. Thus, the literature shows the tremendous phytochemical impact of the genus Acacia in medicine. Overall, we recommend that more research should be conducted on the medicinal value and isolation and purification of the effective therapeutic agents from Acacia species for the treatment of various ailments.

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“…Due to its nutraceutical properties, buttermilk is considered a beneficial ingredient for infant formulas, as it is related to many health benefits such as prevention of colon cancer (Dewettinck et al, 2008;Fuller et al, 2013;Spitsberg, 2005;Sprong et al, 2002;Ward et al, 2009). Buttermilk used as raw material in the food industry undergoes processes such as homogenization, pasteurization, dehydration by evaporation and/or spray drying (Ferreira et al, 1999;Vanderghem et al, 2010). Buttermilk powder can be used as a partial substitute for solids in various products as baked goods and yogurt (Hickey et al, 2018;Scalbert et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addition of buttermilk powder to yogurt: effects on particle size, microstructure and texture

Gomes

Oliveira

Renhe³

et al. 2021

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The addition of buttermilk powder as partial fat replacer in yogurt formulations with constant dry matter was investigated. Three formulations of yogurt were produced containing 0% (T1), 1.36% w·w-1 (T2) and 3.34% w·w-1 (T3) of buttermilk powder in the final product. Particle size and pH variation were monitored during fermentation; scanning electron microscopy and texture profile analysis were performed in the final product. The control sample showed larger particle size on the day after production and at the end of fermentation, as well as a more compact network microstructure with a smaller average pore size. Compared to the prototypes with added buttermilk the control sample showed greater higher firmness. Buttermilk powder could act as fat replacer for yogurt but favors the formation of a less compacted network microstructure, with large pores, less springiness after 21 days, and less hardness in the two evaluated times (21 and 42 days).

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Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Proanthocyanidins

Cited by 4 publications

References 84 publications

Proanthocyanidins and Where to Find Them: A Meta-Analytic Approach to Investigate Their Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Distribution, and Effect on Human Health

Proanthocyanidins and Where to Find Them: A Meta-Analytic Approach to Investigate Their Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Distribution, and Effect on Human Health

Bioactive Compounds, Pharmacological Actions, and Pharmacokinetics of Genus Acacia

Addition of buttermilk powder to yogurt: effects on particle size, microstructure and texture

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