Recent advances in the fabrication and application of biopolymer-based micro- and nanostructures: A comprehensive review

Lignin nanoparticles are renewable and functional platforms for the concanavalin a oriented immobilization of glucose oxidase–peroxidase in cascade bio-sensing

“…36,37 To the best of our knowledge, only examples of the use of hybrid systems encompassing unstructured lignin and metal oxides have been previously reported for the immobilization of GOX. 38,39 The correct orientation of the two enzymes during the immobilization process was obtained by the use of the lectin Concanavalin A (Con A), able to selectively interact with the carbohydrate part of both HRP and GOX. 40 Since the carbohydrate component of glycoproteins is usually far from the active site of the enzyme, the use of Con A ensures the retention of the enzymatic activity, sometimes enhancing the performance of the system.…”

Spherical Cellulose Micro and Nanoparticles: A Review of Recent Developments and Applications

“…Nevertheless, and just like in other fields of modern science and technology, there is a growing interest in using alternative bio-based raw-materials for the production of micro and nanoparticles, because renewable resources are essential to contribute for the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [ 21 ]. So, natural polymers, produced by living organisms, are particularly relevant to engineer micro and nanostructures, as reviewed by Joye & McClements [ 1 ] and, more recently, by Stanisz et al [ 22 ]. In fact, particles have already been obtained from polysaccharides (or derivatives thereof) [ 19 ], namely cellulose [ 23 ], alginate [ 24 ] and chitosan [ 25 , 26 ], but also from proteins [ 18 ], such as albumin [ 27 ], gelatin [ 28 ] and fibroin [ 29 ], and nucleic acids (e.g., DNA [ 30 ] and RNA [ 31 ]).…”

Binderless, All-Lignin Briquette from Black Liquor Waste: Isolation, Purification, and Characterization

“…Lignin molecules consist of a large number of carbon atoms, contributing to its outstanding potential as a biofuel. In addition to being a biofuel, lignin is also reported to have potential utilization in some other applications such as electrochemical sensors, biosensors, fillers, antioxidants, bacterial growth suppressants [ 13 ], wastewater adsorbents [ 14 ], packaging, tissue engineering, and abrasive tools [ 15 ]. The application of lignin in biofuel application is drawing attention, as it has a heat value of around 5975.1—6333.7 kcal/kg, almost two times that of the concentrated black liquor [ 11 ].…”