Recent Advances in the Photorefraction of Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals

Kong, Yong; Liu, Shiguo; Xu, Jingjun

doi:10.3390/ma5101954

Cited by 80 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Although we argue that electrostatic interactions play only a minor role in our experiments, we expect such mechanisms to become particularly important in doped ferroelectric crystals (i.e., Fe:LiNbO 3 ), where a significant contribution from photoinduced charges is expected. 29 In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the strain of graphene on lithium niobate can be controlled at the microscopic scale by laser irradiation. We argue that the observed effect is mainly due to the large thermal coefficient mismatch between the graphene and the substrate leading to relaxation of intrinsic strain.…”

Section: Dmentioning

confidence: 97%

Strain engineering in graphene by laser irradiation

Papasimakis

Mailis

Huang

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

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Section: Dmentioning

confidence: 97%

Strain engineering in graphene by laser irradiation

Papasimakis

Mailis

Huang

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

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“…However, these light induced optical effects in CLN can be minimized to a significant extent by operating the device at higher temperature (~180 °C) or by using defect controlled stoichiometric LN having lesser intrinsic defects and impurities [23]. When grown in the near-stoichiometric form (nSLN, Li/Nb ~ 1) the optical properties improve significantly (Table 1) as a result of the decrease in the defect concentration [30,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. So nSLN is a better choice for nonlinear frequency conversion, as well as photo-refractive and holographic data storage applications [53,54] in comparison to CLN.…”

Section: Effect Of Intrinsic Defect On Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Intrinsic Defects in Lithium Niobate Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications

et al. 2017

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A single crystal of lithium niobate is an important optoelectronic material. It can be grown from direct melt only in a lithium deficient non-stoichiometric form as its stoichiometric composition exhibits incongruent melting. As a result it contains a number of intrinsic point defects such as Li-vacancies, Nb antisites, oxygen vacancies, as well as different types of polarons and bipolarons. All these defects adversely influence its optical and ferroelectric properties and pose a deterrent to the effective use of this material. Hence, controlling the defects in lithium niobate has been an exciting topic of research and development over the years. In this article we discuss the different methods of controlling the intrinsic defects in lithium niobate and a comparison of the effect of these methods on the crystalline quality, stoichiometry, optical absorption in the UV-vis region, electronic band-gap, and refractive index.

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“…[93][94][95][96][97][98] The properties of LN doped with optical damage resistant ions were first summarized in a review paper 10 and later in a book by Volk et al 99 Recently, Kong et al 100 reviewed advances in the photorefraction of doped LN, focusing on tetra-, penta-, and hexavalent ions, including doubly-and even triply-doped crystals. They concluded that LN triply doped by Zr, Fe, and Mn shows excellent non-volatile holographic storage properties, and V and Mo single-doped LN have fast response and multi-wavelength storage characteristics.…”

Section: Other Divalent Trivalent and Tetravalent Odr Dopantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

Lengyel

Péter

Kovács

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Reviews

105

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Owing to the extraordinary richness of its physical properties, congruent lithium niobate has attracted multidecade-long interest both for fundamental science and applications. The combination of ferro-, pyro-, and piezoelectric properties with large electro-optic, acousto-optic, and photoelastic coefficients as well as the strong photorefractive and photovoltaic effects offers a great potential for applications in modern optics. To provide powerful optical components in high energy laser applications, tailoring of key material parameters, especially stoichiometry, is required. This paper reviews the state of the art of growing large stoichiometric LiNbO 3 (sLN) crystals, in particular, the defect engineering of pure and doped sLN with emphasis on optical damage resistant (ODR) dopants (e.g., Mg, Zn, In, Sc, Hf, Zr, Sn). The discussion is focused on crystals grown by the high temperature top seeded solution growth (HTTSSG) technique using alkali oxide fluxing agents. Based on high-temperature phase equilibria studies of the Li 2 O-Nb 2 O 5 -X 2 O ternary systems (X ¼ Na, K, Rb, Cs), the impact of alkali homologue additives on the stoichiometry of the lithium niobate phase will be analyzed, together with a summary of the ultraviolet, infrared, and far-infrared absorption spectroscopic methods developed to characterize the composition of the crystals. It will be shown that using HTTSSG from K 2 O containing flux, crystals closest to the stoichiometric composition can be grown characterized by a UV-edge position of at about 302 nm and a single narrow hydroxyl band in the IR with a linewidth of less than 3 cm À1 at 300 K. The threshold concentrations for ODR dopants depend on crystal stoichiometry and the valence of the dopants; Raman spectra, hydroxyl vibration spectra, and Z-scan measurements prove to be useful to distinguish crystals below and above the photorefractive threshold. Crystals just above the threshold are preferred for most nonlinear optical applications apart holography and have the additional advantage to minimize the absorption even in the far-infrared (THz) range. The review also provides a discussion on the progress made in the characterization of non-stoichiometry related intrinsic and extrinsic defect structures in doped LN crystals, with emphasis on ODR-ion-doped and/or closely stoichiometric systems, based on both spectroscopic measurements and theoretical modelling, including the results of first principles quantum mechanical calculations on hydroxyl defects. It will also be shown that new perspective applications, e.g., the generation of high energy THz pulses with energies on the tens-of-mJ scale, are feasible with ODR-doped sLN crystals if optimal conditions, including the contact grating technique, are applied. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

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Recent Advances in the Photorefraction of Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals

Cited by 80 publications

References 93 publications

Strain engineering in graphene by laser irradiation

Strain engineering in graphene by laser irradiation

Control of Intrinsic Defects in Lithium Niobate Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications

Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

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