“…The major limitations are typically weaker cell adhesion compared to hydrogels based on natural polymers and the risk of the stimulation of a foreign body reaction by the polymer or its degradation products [ 2 , 124 ]. Synthetic polymers such as poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) [ 155 , 156 ], poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) [ 156 ], PCL [ 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 ], poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [ 161 , 162 , 163 ] and their copolymers [ 164 ], and various polyurethanes (PU) [ 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 ] are preferred for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Among the synthetic polymers, elastomers, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), have been extensively used for the 2D fabrication of tissue-engineered muscle thin films due to their excellent biostability and tunable elasticity [ 169 , 170 ].…”