Recent advances in wearable biosensors for non-invasive monitoring of specific metabolites and electrolytes associated with chronic kidney disease: Performance evaluation and future challenges

Microneedle-Coupled Epidermal Sensors for In-Situ-Multiplexed Ion Detection in Interstitial Fluids

“…The concentrations of these ions in ISF, which is formed by transcapillary filtration, are essentially identical to that in blood. 2,36 Therefore, transdermal multiplexed detection of these ions is clinically significant. As illustrated in Figure 3B, the feasibility of MNP-EA for the detection of the four ion species was first tested on the agarose skin model, which contains a defined concentration of the target ion species.…”

“…Concentrations of essential ions (particularly, Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , and H + ) are delicately maintained at appropriate levels in all living organisms. , Abnormality or imbalance in ion concentrations leads to various diseases and can be life-threatening. ,− Therefore, ion analysis is instrumental to clinical diagnosis and assessment of plant health . Currently, the blood test is used for ion analysis, which requires laboratory settings, needs better patient compliance, and is time-consuming .…”

Tear Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases, and Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for Diagnosis (Systematic Review)

“…An interesting approach seems to be biosensors that are tested for example in monitoring chronic kidney disease. This non-invasive method uses the diffusion of metabolite molecules from the blood into the tears [ 55 ] and makes it possible to test not only tears but also other peripheral body fluids, such as interstitial fluid (ISF), sweat, and saliva [ 56 ]. The use of biosensors allows the monitoring of creatinine (CR), glucose, sodium, potassium, urea, and uric acid (UA), which are important indicators of homeostatic conditions.…”

“…The use of biosensors allows the monitoring of creatinine (CR), glucose, sodium, potassium, urea, and uric acid (UA), which are important indicators of homeostatic conditions. In this aspect, glucose levels can be regularly controlled, which is based on electrochemical techniques and using a special contact lens [ 56 ]. Moreover, some authors also describe the use of colorimetric methods [ 57 ].…”

Fabrication of FeVO4/RGO Nanocomposite: An Amperometric Probe for Sensitive Detection of Methyl Parathion in Green Beans and Solar Light-Induced Degradation

“…Organophosphorus and its derivatives are widely used pesticides (about 70%) that persist for a long time and cause damage to the human health and environment. , Methyl parathion (MP) is one such organophosphorus pesticide which causes respiratory problems, convulsions, neural disorders, respiratory problems, and indigestion issues upon its exposure. , MP is banned in many countries, but still due to its low cost and very good effect on insects, farmers use it illegally. , Hence, early detection of MP and its degradation to less/nonharmful products is of high priority among the scientific community. There are several methods available in the literature for the detection of MP like spectrophotometry, enzyme-based sensors, high-performance liquid chromatography, chemiluminescence, and gas chromatography techniques. − These methods are familiar, accurate, and sensitive, but at the same time, they are expensive, are scarcely available, and have high maintenance charges. Therefore, there is a need to develop a simple, cost-effective, user-friendly, and highly sensitive method with low limit of detection (LOD) devices.…”