Infections caused
by drug-resistant bacteria, particularly Gram-negative
organisms, are increasingly difficult to treat using antibiotics.
A potential alternative is “phage therapy”, in which
phages infect and lyse the bacterial host. However, phage therapy
poses serious drawbacks and safety concerns, such as the risk of genetic
transduction of antibiotic resistance genes, inconsistent pharmacokinetics,
and unknown evolutionary potential. In contrast, metallic nanoparticles
possess precise, tunable properties, including efficient conversion
of electronic excitation into heat. In this work, we demonstrate that
engineered phage-nanomaterial conjugates that target the Gram-negative
pathogen
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
are highly effective
as a treatment of infected wounds in mice. Photothermal heating, performed
as a single treatment (15 min) or as two treatments on consecutive
days, rapidly reduced the bacterial load and released Zn
2+
to promote wound healing. The phage-nanomaterial treatment was significantly
more effective than systemic standard-of-care antibiotics, with a
>10× greater reduction in bacterial load and ∼3×
faster healing as measured by wound size reduction when compared to
fluoroquinolone treatment. Notably, the phage-nanomaterial was also
effective against a
P. aeruginosa
strain resistant
to polymyxins, a last-line antibiotic therapy. Unlike these antibiotics,
the phage-nanomaterial showed no detectable toxicity or systemic effects
in mice, consistent with the short duration and localized nature of
phage-nanomaterial treatment. Our results demonstrate that phage therapy
controlled by inorganic nanomaterials can be a safe and effective
antimicrobial strategy in vivo.