“…It is of course possible to draw on advanced interference management techniques, cognitive radio-based solutions, and use sophisticated database or spectrum access systems to keep track of spectrum usage to manage the coexistence between different services and technologies. Selected examples of different approaches include, Gundlach, Hofmann, Markwart, and Mohyeldin (2014) ;Holland, Bogucka, and Medeisis (2015), and Marshall (2016). However the simplicty of the capacity market, its success to date, albeit in the limited form of roaming and MVNOs, and the fact that no strong examples of extensive spectrum trading still exist, point to open access capacity markets as strong contenders for better resource usage and for wider access to network resources.…”