Recent Advances Utilized in the Recycling of Homogeneous Catalysis

Abstract

Homogeneous catalysts often show high activity and selectivity towards the various chemical transformations. Most of the transition metal‐based active catalysts are expensive, rare, and have strict regulations for their use in pharmaceutical products. Hence, there is a requirement to develop suitable technologies for the practical separation and recycling of metal complex catalysts along with the sustainability of the process. This review focuses on the recent techniques used for the catalyst separation, their recovery, and recyclability of the homogeneous form of catalysts based on their economic compatibility and industrial applications. Various homogeneous catalysts have been reviewed on the basis of their support or media, active centres and recyclability aspects of the catalysts. This review gives brief insights into the varied examples of different recycling techniques utilized in the past 6–7 years.

Nitridated Fibrous Silica/Tetrabutylammonium Iodide (N‐DFNS/TBAI): Robust and Efficient Catalytic System for Chemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide to Cyclic Carbonates

“…Next, by considering the importance of recyclability of the catalyst [15] N‐DFNS‐700 was used to test the reusability at the optimized reaction condition. It was observed that this material showed potential recyclability up to five consecutive runs with minimal loss in its activity (Figure 7).…”

Developing Multicompartment Biopolymer Hydrogel Beads for Tandem Chemoenzymatic One-Pot Process

“…3 three shell layers of alginate amide containing Grubbs' catalyst. 4 reduced amount of enzyme (−60%). 5 five shell layers of alginate amide containing Grubbs' catalyst.…”

“…Sustainability in chemistry has been developing into an expanding and complex field due to increasing demand in recent years [1,2]. There are different approaches to address this topic such as using water as reaction medium [3], enabling catalyst recycling [4], implementing more sustainable reaction steps in synthesis routes or even starting from renewable resources and creating new synthesis routes [5]. Since chemical processes in industry often imply catalytic reaction steps, it is of major interest to develop new catalytic processes with catalysts that are highly selective, stable and catalyse reactions at mild conditions.…”

Recent Advancement of Ullmann Condensation Coupling Reaction in the Formation of Aryl-Oxygen (C-O) Bonding by Copper-Mediated Catalyst

“…In short, it is a soluble catalyst in a solution [119]. Homogeneous catalyst generally provides short reaction time and needs a few amounts of catalyst in the catalytic system owing to it can contact with reactant adequately compare to the heterogeneous catalyst [120]. Interestingly, the ligand 4-methyl-2-phenylaniline-derived oxalamide is tolerated in a broad range of functional groups, including amines, alcohols, amides, halides, esters, ketones, and nitriles, as well as several heterocycles (Scheme 40).…”