Recent changes (2004–2016) of temperature and salinity in the Mediterranean outflow

Naranjo, Cristina; García‐Lafuente, Jesús; Sammartino, Simone; Garrido, José Carlos Sánchez; Sánchez-Leal, R.F.; Bellanco, M.J.

doi:10.1002/2017gl072615

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…From these diagrams it is possible to note how the Western Mediterranean Transition has changed the basic structure and the properties of the deep layers in the western basin. Over time, these waters eventually spread westward to flow out through the Strait of Gibraltar towards the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 2.3.1), as has been detected by a monitoring site at the sill where the characteristics of the outflowing waters in years 2015-2016 are consistently saltier and warmer than in 2005(Naranjo et al 2017.…”

Section: Mediterranean Deep and Intermediate Water Mass Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 65%

Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3

Schuckmann¹,

Traon²,

Smith³

et al. 2019

Journal of Operational Oceanography

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Section: Mediterranean Deep and Intermediate Water Mass Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 65%

Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3

Schuckmann¹,

Traon²,

Smith³

et al. 2019

Journal of Operational Oceanography

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“…And it did in an order of magnitude with regards to the before-2012 value! Although this pattern was anticipated in Naranjo et al (2017), they could not give definitive ratification as they used a correspondingly shorter length of this time series (up to year 2015). The extended series available nowadays does confirm the existence of that trend, which is so large and unexpected that has motivated the present study.…”

Section: Water Properties Of the Outflow At The Monitoring Stationmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Conventional numerical filtering is not advisable to remove these fluctuations because the low-passed series smooths out the footprint of the coldest samples, which are particularly relevant since they inform about the deepest waters that are leaving the MedSea. A possibility of removing tidal fluctuations without losing this information is to extract the coldest sample in each semi-diurnal tidal cycle and decimate the series to a sample per cycle (García Lafuente et al, 2007;Naranjo et al, 2012Naranjo et al, , 2017. Light-blue dots in Figure 3 show the resulting series where most semidiurnal and diurnal tidal variability has been removed.…”

Section: Water Properties Of the Outflow At The Monitoring Stationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hotter and Weaker Mediterranean Outflow as a Response to Basin-Wide Alterations

et al. 2021

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Time series collected from 2004 to 2020 at an oceanographic station located at the westernmost sill of the Strait of Gibraltar to monitor the Mediterranean outflow into the North Atlantic have been used to give some insights on changes that have been taking place in the Mediterranean basin. Velocity data indicate that the exchange through the Strait is submaximal (that is, greater values of the exchanged flows are possible) with a mean value of −0.847 ± 0.129 Sv and a slight trend to decrease in magnitude (+0.017 ± 0.003 Sv decade−1). Submaximal exchange promotes footprints in the Mediterranean outflow with little or no-time delay with regards to changes occurring in the basin. An astonishing warming trend of 0.339 ± 0.008°C decade−1 in the deepest layer of the outflow from 2013 onwards stands out among these changes, a trend that is an order of magnitude greater than any other reported so far in the water masses of the Mediterranean Sea. Biogeochemical (pH) data display a negative trend indicating a gradual acidification of the outflow in the monitoring station. Data analysis suggests that these trends are compatible with a progressively larger participation of Levantine Intermediate Water (slightly warmer and characterized by a pH lower than that of Western Mediterranean Deep Water) in the outflow. Such interpretation is supported by climatic data analysis that indicate diminished buoyancy fluxes to the atmosphere during the seven last years of the analyzed series, which in turn would have reduced the rate of formation of Western Mediterranean Deep Water. The flow through the Strait has echoed this fact in a situation of submaximal exchange and, ultimately, reflects it in the shocking temperature trend recorded at the monitoring station.

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“…It also resulted in an anomalous stratification of the deepwater column due to the superposition of newly formed warmer and saltier deep waters . The outflow of these waters through the Strait of Gibraltar is detectable in late winter-early spring (García-Lafuente et al, 2011;Sammartino et al, 2015) and it was clearly identified a decade later (Naranjo et al, 2017). Repeated glider missions along the Ibiza Channel endurance line have provided key semi-continuous observations, from which the variability of the meridional exchanges in the Western basin and its relation to surface and intermediate water mass changes can be monitored (Heslop et al, 2012;Juza et al, 2019).…”

Section: Mediterranean Sea Environmental and Climate Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges for Sustained Observing and Forecasting Systems in the Mediterranean Sea

Tintoré¹,

Pinardi²,

Álvarez-Fanjul³

et al. 2019

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Tintoré et al. Sustained Mediterranean Observing Forecasting SystemThe Mediterranean community represented in this paper is the result of more than 30 years of EU and nationally funded coordination, which has led to key contributions in science concepts and operational initiatives. Together with the establishment of operational services, the community has coordinated with universities, research centers, research infrastructures and private companies to implement advanced multi-platform and integrated observing and forecasting systems that facilitate the advancement of operational services, scientific achievements and mission-oriented innovation. Thus, the community can respond to societal challenges and stakeholders needs, developing a variety of fit-for-purpose services such as the Copernicus Marine Service. The combination of state-of-the-art observations and forecasting provides new opportunities for downstream services in response to the needs of the heavily populated Mediterranean coastal areas and to climate change. The challenge over the next decade is to sustain ocean observations within the research community, to monitor the variability at small scales, e.g., the mesoscale/submesoscale, to resolve the sub-basin/seasonal and inter-annual variability in the circulation, and thus establish the decadal variability, understand and correct the model-associated biases and to enhance model-data integration and ensemble forecasting for uncertainty estimation. Better knowledge and understanding of the level of Mediterranean variability will enable a subsequent evaluation of the impacts and mitigation of the effect of human activities and climate change on the biodiversity and the ecosystem, which will support environmental assessments and decisions. Further challenges include extending the science-based added-value products into societal relevant downstream services and engaging with communities to build initiatives that will contribute to the 2030 Agenda and more specifically to SDG14 and the UN's Decade of Ocean Science for sustainable development, by this contributing to bridge the science-policy gap. The Mediterranean observing and forecasting capacity was built on the basis of community best practices in monitoring and modeling, and can serve as a basis for the development of an integrated global ocean observing system.

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Recent changes (2004–2016) of temperature and salinity in the Mediterranean outflow

Cited by 17 publications

References 59 publications

Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3

Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3

Hotter and Weaker Mediterranean Outflow as a Response to Basin-Wide Alterations

Challenges for Sustained Observing and Forecasting Systems in the Mediterranean Sea

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