Recent development in automatic scoring of rodent sleep

Abstract

Sleep as a topic of growing interest in biomedical researchThe study of the physiology and pathophysiology of the wake-sleep cycle is an expanding research field. The elevated number of sleep disorders undoubtedly fuels this interest. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (Sateia, 2014), 95 different sleep disorders have been identified until now. These disorders were grouped into 7 main classes: insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorders, central disorders of hypersomnolence, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, parasomnias, sleep-related movement disorders and other sleep disorders. Among these groups are included conditions such as narcolepsy, hypersomnia, sleep apneas, snoring, bruxism, periodic limb movements, REM sleep behavior disorders, shift-work, sleepwalking and sleep paralysis. From the scientific viewpoint, the study of the wake-sleep cycle and its alterations is of interest to molecular biologists (genetic and epigenetic alterations; cf. Dauvilliers and Tafti (2008);Palagini et al. (2015); Paterson et al. (2011);Toth and Bhargava (2013) for recent examples) in addition to physiologists and neuroscientists (autonomic, metabolic, cardiovascular, respiratory, thermoregulatory, motor, inflammatory systems; cf.

Employing a Long-Short-Term Memory Neural Network to Improve Automatic Sleep Stage Classification of Pharmaco-EEG Profiles

“…A number of rat sleep scoring methods have been proposed. Kohn introduced the first algorithm for rodent sleep stage scoring [9]. In most of the existing methods, a subset of data for each subject's sleep stage analysis is prepared with human interaction to identify wake-sleep state cut-off or to perform manual sleep scoring, but the employed techniques or methods can differ.…”

Application of the ϵ-Complexity of a continuous function to Study Sleep in Mice

“…As of 2015, ninety-fve diferent sleep disorders have been identifed ( [2]) including insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and restless leg syndrome ( [2], [20]). Sleep disturbances are also commonly found to co-occur with certain disease states and trauma.…”

“…Animal models are a popular choice for researching sleep and its role in diverse functions and processes. Mice are considered an ideal animal model and are often used in research since they are quick to breed and easy to genetically manipulate ( [2], [11], [19]). Genetic manipulation allows for closer study of molecular and genetic infuences on the sleep-wake cycle ( [16]).…”

“…This cycle consists of three main stages: Wake, rapid eye movement (REM) or paradoxical sleep, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) or deep sleep. For humans, NREM sleep has been further diferentiated into several stages, however these have not been identifed in rodents ( [2]). It has not proven largely important for this further diferentiation, and much is learned with just characterizing the three main stages.…”

“…The wide use of EEGs makes it important to efciently process them. Due to the connections between sleep and other neurological and physiological processes, systems, and health outcomes many researchers will fnd a need to incorporate sleep information in the form of sleep stage scoring into their research ( [2], [13]). The long-accepted process of sleep stage scoring has relied on the visual analysis by at least one expert of EEGs in combination with electromyograms (EMGs), which measure muscle activity ( [23]).…”