Recent Developments in Crosslinking of Elastomers

Aprem, Abi Santhosh; Joseph, Kuruvilla; Thomas, Sabu

doi:10.5254/1.3547892

Cited by 83 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…The natural rubber and bamboo cellulose nanofiber master-batch was compounded using a two roll mixing mill, and sulphur vulcanization was employed to introduce crosslinks in the NR phase. Vulcanization, a chemical process in which long chains of rubber molecules are cross-linked, transforms the soft, weak plastic-like material into a strong, elastic product with high and reversible deformability and good mechanical properties by strain-induced crystallization, low hysteresis, and excellent dynamic properties and fatigue resistance (Brydson 1978;Hoffman 1967;Aprem et al 2005). After vulcanization, rubber loses its tackiness, becomes insoluble in solvent, and becomes more resistant to heat, light, and the aging processes (Brydson 1978;Hoffman 1967).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers Isolated From Bamboo Pulp Residue on Vulcanized Natural Rubber

Visakh¹,

Thomas²,

Oksman³

et al. 2012

BioResources

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Nanocomposites were prepared using two bioresources, viz., cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) extracted from bamboo paper-pulp waste as the reinforcing phase and natural rubber (NR) as the matrix phase. CNFs with diameters up to 50 nm were isolated from bamboo pulp waste, and nanocomposites with 5 and 10% CNFs were obtained via two-roll mill mixing of solid natural rubber with a master batch containing 20 wt% CNFs. The NR phase was cross-linked using sulphur vulcanization. The morphology studies showed that the dispersion of CNF in NR matrix was not optimal, and some aggregates were visible on the fracture surface. The tensile strength and modulus at 50% elongation increased for the nanocomposites with the addition of CNFs, accompanied by a moderate decrease in elongation at break. The storage modulus of the natural rubber significantly increased above its glass-rubber transition temperature upon nanofiber addition. The addition of CNFs also had a synergistic impact on the thermal stability of natural rubber. The susceptibility to organic solvents decreased significantly for the nanocomposites compared to crosslinked NR, which indicated restriction of polymer chain mobility in the vicinity of the nanosized CNFs in the NR matrix.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers Isolated From Bamboo Pulp Residue on Vulcanized Natural Rubber

Visakh¹,

Thomas²,

Oksman³

et al. 2012

BioResources

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“…Following can be analyzed using swelling test: Evaluation of rubber network structure (crosslink length, crosslink density, etc.) . Evaluation of polymer–filler and filler–filler interactions (by Kraus plot) . Evaluation of the polymer–solvent interaction parameter ( χ ) . Evaluation of compatibility between polymer and micro‐ and nanofillers . Evaluation of reinforcing capacity of micro‐ and nanofillers in rubber matrix. Evaluation of degree of compatibility in polymer blends . Evaluation of localization of fillers in different phase of polymer blends. Analysis of fuel quality, through quantifying the swelling as a function of the content of aromatic compound in fuel . …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing and evaluation of microstructure of organoclay in chlorosulfunated polyethylene nanocomposites by emphasis on solvent transport properties

Ghari

Shakouri

2016

Vinyl Additive Technology

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The present paper addresses the usefulness of a sorption gravimetric technique to assess of the compatibility and reinforcing effect of nanofiller against hazardous liquid media. The reinforcing capability of organoclay (Cloisite 30B) in chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) was characterized by means of transport properties such as diffusion, sorption and permeation coefficients, activation energy, enthalpy, and entropy. The CSM/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing method. The transport of toluene through CSM vulcanizates were studied with special reference to the effect of organoclay concentration (0–9 parts per hundred parts of rubber) and temperature (25–55°C). The microstructure of the nanocomposites was confirmed by studying of dispersion of organoclay in CSM via transmission and scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The results showed that the swelling properties of nano‐filled CSMs mainly depend on the presence of organoclay and not its concentration and also the formed microstructure. A good relationship was found between the microstructure and swelling properties of CSM nanocomposites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 23:E40–E50, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

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“…Both chemical and physical methods 1,2 have been employed to generate rubber networks through a process called vulcanization. The most common chemical methods in rubber science and technology employ various curing agents such as sulfur or organic peroxides among others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on peroxide vulcanization thermodynamics of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer rubber using 2,2,6,6,‐tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl nitroxide

Posadas

Fernández‐Torres

Chamorro

et al. 2012

Polymer International

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A step forward in the understanding of rubber vulcanization with organic peroxides is provided by combining a proper arrangement between polymer, vulcanizing agent and cure conditions. For this purpose, an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with a high content of vinyl acetate (70 mol%) was used since a fully saturated polymer backbone allows its vulcanization via peroxide. For the range of conditions analysed here, it is shown that the predominant process taking place is crosslinking via radical recombination, minimizing or even avoiding undesirable secondary reactions such us polymer degradation. Once conditions had been optimized, peroxide vulcanization was analysed in more depth in the presence of 2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl, which is a mediating stable free radical commonly used in controlled radical polymerization. Consequently, it was possible to differentiate the termination reaction from the initiation and propagation steps, allowing the determination of the enthalpy of formed C-C crosslinks as measured using calorimetry. It was possible to isolate and determine the contribution of the crosslinking pathway from the global vulcanization reaction by means of calorimetric methods at optimum conditions. In fact, this simple methodology could be an important tool for understanding in detail the complex peroxide vulcanization of elastomers since reactions involved in this process determine the final network structure, and thus the final elastic properties of these compounds.

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Recent Developments in Crosslinking of Elastomers

Cited by 83 publications

References 61 publications

Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers Isolated From Bamboo Pulp Residue on Vulcanized Natural Rubber

Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers Isolated From Bamboo Pulp Residue on Vulcanized Natural Rubber

Testing and evaluation of microstructure of organoclay in chlorosulfunated polyethylene nanocomposites by emphasis on solvent transport properties

Study on peroxide vulcanization thermodynamics of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer rubber using 2,2,6,6,‐tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl nitroxide

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