Recent developments in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

Saraji, Mohammad; Boroujeni, Malihe Khalili

doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7467-z

Cited by 199 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 235 publications

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“…Moreover, the dispersive solvent allows for the extracting solvent to partition itself uniformly in the water sample and thus to achieve effective and rapid mass transfer. To accomplish this usually relatively large volumes of dispersive solvents are required (in the order of several milliliters), which decreases the partition coefficient of analytes into the extraction solvent [37][38][39]. This problem can be avoided by using ultrasonic stirring or a cationic surfactant in order to disperse the extraction solvent instead of dispersive solvent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All of them ensure higher enrichment factor, resulting in enhancement of the method sensitivity. Based on literature data, it can be concluded that halogenated extraction solvents, despite their drawbacks, are still the ones most frequently used for the extraction of various analytes [2,17,22,23,25,26,[35][36][37][38][39]. DLLME has become a powerful tool for sample pretreatment due to its simplicity, rapidity (about 4-6 min), effectiveness and low cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fast, sensitive and reliable multi-residue method for routine determination of 34 pesticides from various chemical groups in water samples by using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Tankiewicz

Biziuk

2017

Anal Bioanal Chem

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A simple and efficient dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique (DLLME) was developed by using a mixture of two solvents: 40 μL of tetrachlorethylene (extraction solvent) and 1.0 mL of methanol (disperser solvent), which was rapidly injected with a syringe into 10 mL of water sample. Some important parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, such as type and volume of solvents, water sample volume, extraction time, temperature, pH adjustment and salt addition effect were investigated. Simultaneous determination of 34 commonly used pesticides was performed by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The procedure has been validated in order to obtain the highest efficiency at the lowest concentration levels of analytes to fulfill the requirements of regulations on maximum residue limits. Under the optimum conditions, the linearity range was within 0.0096-100 μg L −1 . The limits of detection (LODs) of the developed DLLME-GC-MS methodology for all investigated pesticides were in the range of 0.0032 (endrin)-0.0174 (diazinon) μg L −1 and limits of quantification (LOQs) from 0.0096 to 0.052 μg L −1 . At lower concentration of 1 μg L −1 for each pesticide, recoveries ranged between 84% (tebufenpyrad) and 108% (deltamethrin) with relative standard deviations (RSDs) (n = 7) from 1.1% (metconazole) to 11% (parathion-mehtyl). This methodology was successfully applied to check contamination of environmental samples. The procedure has proved to be selective, sensitive and precise for the simultaneous determination of various pesticides. The optimized analytical method is very simple and rapid (less than 5 min).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast, sensitive and reliable multi-residue method for routine determination of 34 pesticides from various chemical groups in water samples by using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Tankiewicz

Biziuk

2017

Anal Bioanal Chem

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“…The main advantages of DLLME are simplicity, low cost, low reagent consumption, high enrichment factors and agreement with green analytical chemistry. 29,30 It should be highlighted that DLLME may be used in combination with different detection techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), 31,32 flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), 33 ICP-OES, 34 and ICP-MS. 35 In this study, a DLLME method was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of toxic elements (As and Cd) in sugar for subsequent determination by ICP-MS. Some important parameters of the DLLME method, such as type and volume of extraction and dispersive solvent, pH of sample solution, chelating agent, sample mass and number of washing steps, were studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of DLLME for the Extraction and Preconcentration of As and Cd in Sugar for Further Determination by ICP-MS

Seeger¹,

Vecchia²,

Machado³

et al. 2017

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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A method for determining low levels of As and Cd by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was proposed. The following parameters that affect extraction efficiency were investigated: type and volume of extraction solvent (1000 µL acetone), type and volume of dispersive solvent (75 µL carbon tetrachloride), amount of ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate as chelating agents, sample mass (0.5 g in 10 mL ultrapure water), pH of sample solution (2.0) and number of washing steps (one). Accuracy was evaluated by analytes determination in sugar samples by ICP-MS after digestion by microwave-induced combustion (MIC). No significant difference was observed between results of the proposed DLLME method and MIC in the case of both analytes. Instrument calibration was performed by the standard addition method and good linearity was achieved. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.7 and 0.2 ng g -1 for As and Cd, respectively. The main advantages of this method are relatively high sample mass, low dilution, suitable preconcentration factors and significantly low LOQs (ng g -1 range). When the proposed method was used for determining As and Cd in four sugar samples, their concentrations ranged from 1.13 to 2.95 ng g -1 and from 0.31 to 0.43 ng g -1 , respectively.Keywords: dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, sugar, arsenic, cadmium, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry IntroductionSugar has been widely consumed around the world by people of all ages, since it is an important ingredient found in several products, such as sweets, softdrinks and bread. 1,2 Similarly to other food, it is prone to contamination by toxic elements throughout its production and manufacturing processes.3 Some elements can be classified into essential or toxic, depending on the role they play in the metabolism of living organisms. Ca, Cu and Zn are essential for life whereas As, Cd and others do not have any known biological function and may be toxic, depending on their concentrations, thus posing potential risks to human health. [4][5][6][7] Arsenic may cause several health problems with mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects. In humans, it can affect neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, besides causing hypertension. [7][8][9] Cadmium is the most toxic element to humans, since it leads to renal failure, hypertension, emphysema and carcinogenic hazards, mainly in the kidney and prostate. 8,9 Therefore, As and Cd must be considered toxic even at low concentrations and must be monitored in the environment, food and beverages.Several techniques have been developed for simultaneous element determination at ultratrace levels in food samples. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) 10 and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 11 are the most successful examples. Regarding these techniques, the latter, which is the most sensitive, versatile and suitable one for routine applicati...

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“…8 A microextração líquido-líquido dispersiva (DLLMEDispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction) tem sido proposta como uma alternativa a estes métodos devido à sua simplicidade, baixo custo, baixos limites de detecção e curto tempo de extração. 9 Mais recentemente, também tem sido destacada a eficácia da microextração líquido-líquido com dispersão assistida por agitação em vortex e ultrassom (USVADLLME -ultrasound vortex assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction) na determinação de diversos analitos em matrizes aquosas, como refrigerantes e bebidas alcoólicas por cromatografia em fase gasosa. 10,11 A agitação em vortex e a radiação ultrassônica intensificam o processo de dispersão do solvente extrator e contribuem para aumentar a superfície de contato entre a fase orgânica (solvente extrator) e a fase aquosa, o que favorece a partição dos compostos de interesse entre as duas fases imiscíveis.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Ultrasound Vortex Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (Usvadllme) Applied to the Determination of the Triazole Flutriafol and Triazines and Triazinones Pesticides in Water

Duarte¹,

Dores²,

Villa³

2016

Química Nova

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Recebido em 16/12/2015; aceito em 18/04/2016; publicado na web em 17/06/2016 ULTRASOUND VORTEX ASSISTED DISPERSIVE LIQUID-LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION (USVADLLME) APPLIED TO THE DETERMINATION OF THE TRIAZOLE FLUTRIAFOL AND TRIAZINES AND TRIAZINONES PESTICIDES IN WATER. This study aimed at developing and validating a method for the simultaneous determination of triazines (ametryne, atrazine, prometryne and terbuthylazine), triazinones (metribuzin and hexazinone) and a triazole (flutriafol) in water by ultrasound vortex assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (USVADLLME) and GC-MS. The experimental conditions that provided the best results were: 5.00 mL of sample, 100 mL of extractor solvent (toluene), vortex agitation for 30 s and sonication for 1 min. at 240 W and 40 °C. The USVADLLME provided recoveries ranging from 77.2% to 109%, with a repetitivity and intermediate precision varying from 1.4 to 9.0% and 2.9 to 15%, respectively. The method detection limits ranged between 0.10 and 2.71 µg L -1. The method was applied to different surface water samples and a matrix effect was not observed. Once validated, the proposed method was applied to ten water samples of an important agricultural region of Mato Grosso State/Brazil, but none of the studied analytes were detected. The USVADLLME is proposed as an efficient, fast, simple and non-expensive alternative technique for the simultaneous determination of multiclass pesticides in water.Keywords: method validation; herbicides; gas chromatography. INTRODUÇÃOAs triazinas e as triazinonas estão dentre as classes de herbicidas mais utilizadas no mundo, principalmente no controle seletivo de ervas daninhas de folha larga e gramíneas em lavouras de milho, soja e algodão. A preocupação com a persistência, mobilidade e a toxicidade destes agrotóxicos tem sido crescente, devido à detecção dos mesmos em águas subterrâneas e em diferentes compartimentos ambientais. 1,2 O triazol flutriafol possui uma ampla atividade fungicida e também é muito utilizado em culturas de cereais. Embora seja considerado de baixa toxicidade, o flutriafol é extremamente persistente no solo com um elevado potencial de mobilidade e, portanto, um potencial contaminante de águas subterráneas.3 A contaminação de recursos hídricos por agrotóxicos tem sido objeto de grande preocupação mundial e motivado o desenvolvimento de diversos métodos analíticos para a determinação destes compostos em água. [4][5][6] A diversidade de princípios ativos bem como as diferentes características físico-químicas do material a ser analisado são alguns dos fatores que podem limitar a aplicabilidade de muitos destes métodos. Além disso, para determinadas finalidades são necessários métodos com baixos limites de detecção, da ordem de ng L -1 , o que pode requerer etapas de extração e pré-concentração dos analitos. Estas etapas estão dentre as mais críticas do processo, pois delas dependem a exatidão, a precisão e o limite de detecção do método.A extração líquido-líquido (LLE -Liquid-Liquid Extraction) e extração em fase sólid...

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Recent developments in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

Cited by 199 publications

References 235 publications

Fast, sensitive and reliable multi-residue method for routine determination of 34 pesticides from various chemical groups in water samples by using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Fast, sensitive and reliable multi-residue method for routine determination of 34 pesticides from various chemical groups in water samples by using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Feasibility of DLLME for the Extraction and Preconcentration of As and Cd in Sugar for Further Determination by ICP-MS

Ultrasound Vortex Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (Usvadllme) Applied to the Determination of the Triazole Flutriafol and Triazines and Triazinones Pesticides in Water

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