Recent Progress and Future Directions of Biomass-Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon: Designing, Preparation, and Supercapacitor Applications

Abstract

In the past decades, fossil energy depletion, environmental pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions have resulted in serious health threats and ecological imbalances, which prompt researchers to explore green and sustainable supercapacitor energy storage and conversion systems. Biomass is a promising renewable energy source to use for biomass porous carbon for supercapacitor devices because it is renewable and has abundant reserves, a low price, and low pollution carbon energy. To date, although some reports have screened different biomass precursors, carbonization methods, and activation strategies and mechanisms, a comprehensive evaluation and critical review of the correlation among biomass porous carbon properties, including pore structure and surface chemistry, and electrochemical energy storage performances of supercapacitors are absent from a multidisciplinary assessment perspective. Therefore, in this review, we summarize recent advances in the biomass porous carbon synthesis process focusing on different carbonization and activation strategies, point out the scope of applicability and advantages/disadvantages of these methods in supercapacitor applications, and reveal the reaction mechanisms and limitations for commercial production. Then, the relationships among biomass porous carbon properties, including hierarchical porous structure, surface chemistry, specific surface area, and electrochemical performances of supercapacitors are reviewed in detail, which enables researchers to prepare and design advanced materials in a more rational way and facilitates them to explore more cutting-edge energy storage materials. Finally, two effective techniques including heteroatom doping and composite material construction are reviewed to address the general problem of low supercapacitor energy density. This review demonstrates the great potential of biomass porous carbon with superior properties, provides advanced tailoring and design viewpoints for the application fields of high-performance supercapacitors, and is expected to inspire new exploration and boost the practical commercial applications of biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon material in more energy storage and conversion fields.

Progress on quantum dot photocatalysts for biomass valorization

“…It is estimated that the proportion of biomass-derived chemicals and products will reach 35% by 2030. [9,10] Photocatalytic conversion of biomass (or biomass photoreforming) is usually performed reaction with ambient temperature and pressure, which shows great advances compared to traditional thermocataltyic strategies such as pyrolysis and gasification that usually require harsh conditions of high temperature, pressure, and use of explosive hydrogen. [11,12] In recent decades, substantial works have been dedicated to the study of various photocatalysts for photocatalytic biomass valorization.…”

Fabrication of Low-Cost and High-Energy Storage Capacitor Electrode from Teak (Tectona grandis) Leaves

“…Recently, interest in nanomaterials has increased because of their electrochemical (EC) properties, affordability, ease of fabrication, non-toxicity, massive surface area, and enhanced electrical along with magnetic activity. , Typically, porous activated carbons (PACs) obtained from bio-waste have cultivated one of the most vital cutting-edge ideas in recent years due to its broad use in sustainable EC sensors, catalysis, fuel/solar cells, and energy storage devices . Additionally, these carbons are inexpensive, eco-friendly, readily available, have high carbon content, allow great electrical conductivity, and have exceptional physicochemical features . The PAC-based supercapacitors (SCs) are widely studied in electrode materials and promising EC power sources, owing to its high power density (PD), superior operation safety, and long cycle life, they have garnered a lot of interest .…”

“…3 Additionally, these carbons are inexpensive, eco-friendly, readily available, have high carbon content, allow great electrical conductivity, and have exceptional physicochemical features. 4 The PAC-based supercapacitors (SCs) are widely studied in electrode materials and promising EC power sources, owing to its high power density (PD), superior operation safety, and long cycle life, they have garnered a lot of interest. 5 In general, the supercapacitive feature of carbon materials is directly related to ion-accessible surface areas and functionalized heteroatoms with the former contributing a significant electrical double-layer capacitance and the latter giving pseudocapacitance.…”

Facile synthesis of functionalized porous carbon from bitumite mixed with waste powder char for excellent wastewater purification

“…Among that, PCs had become one of the most competitive wastewater treatment materials because of their high efficiency, simple operation, low cost, and stable physicochemical properties 9,10 . PCs were primarily prepared from biomass wastes, petroleum, coal, and their derived products through template-based method, chemical activation or physical activation 11 . While in a variety of raw materials, coal and its derivatives are still the main raw material for PCs due to its abundant reserve, low cost, and high carbon content.…”

“…9,10 PCs are primarily prepared from biomass wastes, petroleum, coal, and their derived products through a template-based method, chemical activation or physical activation. 11 While a variety of raw materials can be used, coal and its derivatives are still the main raw material for PCs due to their abundance, low cost, and high carbon content.…”