Recent progress of perovskite devices fabricated using thermal evaporation method: Perspective and outlook

Bae, Sa-Rang; Heo, Do Yeon; Kim, Soo Young

doi:10.1016/j.mtadv.2022.100232

Cited by 45 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 244 publications

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“…In the same context, evaporated perovskites have presented themselves as a strong candidate for efficient PSCs being employed as a single-junction or in tandem solar cells with relatively high efficiencies. [46,[96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103] Current high efficiency evaporated perovskites utilize solution-processed MeO-2PACz as HTL, both to mitigate voltage losses and because it has been theorized to stabilize the resultant perovskite and enhance stability. [46,103] As the evaporated SAMs shown in this work display comparable performance to their solution-processed predecessors, they open the road for further development into all-evaporated high efficiency PSCs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporated Self‐Assembled Monolayer Hole Transport Layers: Lossless Interfaces in p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells

Farag

Feeney

Hossain

et al. 2023

Advanced Energy Materials

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Engineering of the interface between perovskite absorber thin films and charge transport layers has fueled the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) over the past decade. For p‐i‐n PSCs, the development and adoption of hole transport layers utilizing self‐assembled monolayers (SAM‐HTLs) based on carbazole functional groups with phosphonic acid anchoring groups has enabled almost lossless contacts, minimizing interfacial recombination to advance power conversion efficiency in single‐junction and tandem solar cells. However, so far these materials have been deposited exclusively via solution‐based methods. Here, for the first time, vacuum‐based evaporation of the most common carbazole‐based SAM‐HTLs (2PACz, MeO‐2PACz, and Me‐4PACz) is reported. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy demonstrate no observable chemical differences in the evaporated SAMs compared to solution‐processed counterparts. Consequently, the near lossless interfacial properties are either preserved or even slightly improved as demonstrated via photoluminescence measurements and an enhancement in open‐circuit voltage. Strikingly, applying evaporated SAM‐HTLs to complete PSCs demonstrates comparable performance to their solution‐processed counterparts. Furthermore, vacuum deposition is found to improve perovskite wetting and fabrication yield on previously non‐ideal materials (namely Me‐4PACz) and to display conformal and high‐quality coating of micrometer‐sized textured surfaces, improving the versatility of these materials without sacrificing their beneficial properties.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporated Self‐Assembled Monolayer Hole Transport Layers: Lossless Interfaces in p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells

Farag

Feeney

Hossain

et al. 2023

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…The batch-to-batch reproducibility has a close relationship with the evaporation rate stability of vacuum evaporated PSCs. [29] For the multisource coevaporation method, lead halides and cesium halide powders were sublimed in the solid state with relatively poor thermal conductivity, which leads to large temperature inhomogeneity and unstable evaporation rates. In addition, it is difficult to monitor the evaporation rate of PbCl 2 and CsI because their negligible evaporation rates (<0.2 Å s -1 ) were buried in the background of PbI 2 .…”

Section: Stabilized Evaporation Rate and Good Reproducibility Of Pscs...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molten Salt Strategy for Reproducible Evaporation of Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Tan

Jiang

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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Vacuum evaporation is promising for the scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Nevertheless, the poor thermal conductivity of metal halide powder leads to unfavorable temperature inhomogeneity, which destabilizes the evaporation rate, posing a major challenge to the reproducible deposition of perovskite films, particularly by coevaporation. Herein, a molten salt strategy is reported for sequentially vacuum evaporation of PSCs. The molten salt increases the thermal conductivity of metal halides and greatly homogenizes the temperature, which stabilizes the evaporation rate and the composition of the resulting perovskite films. The PSCs yield power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of ≈24% with exceptional reproducibility. The unencapsulated PSCs maintain 85% of the initial PCE after 3600 h of maximum power point tracking and maintain 85% of the initial PCE after being heated at 60 °C for 3000 h. The molten salt strategy opens a new avenue for the application of evaporation in perovskite optoelectronics.

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“…Although the dual-source evaporation method is more complicated than single-source evaporation, it is suitable for large-area perovskite devices because it enables uniform thin-film growth without pinholes. [54][55][56] Research on manufacturing host-dopant systems through dual-source evaporation has progressed from organic lightemitting diodes (OLEDs). [55][56][57][58][59][60] When tris(8-quinolinolato) aluminum(III) (Alq 3 ) is adopted as the host, 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCTJB) and 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-1H,5H,11H-10-(2-benzothiazolyl)quinolizino [9,9a,1gh]coumarin (C545T) were doped as dopants and utilized for red and green emitting layers, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CsPbBr₃ and Cs₄PbBr₆ perovskite light-emitting diodes using a thermally evaporated host–dopant system

2023

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Recent progress of perovskite devices fabricated using thermal evaporation method: Perspective and outlook

Cited by 45 publications

References 244 publications

Evaporated Self‐Assembled Monolayer Hole Transport Layers: Lossless Interfaces in p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells

Evaporated Self‐Assembled Monolayer Hole Transport Layers: Lossless Interfaces in p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells

Molten Salt Strategy for Reproducible Evaporation of Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

CsPbBr₃ and Cs₄PbBr₆ perovskite light-emitting diodes using a thermally evaporated host–dopant system

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Recent progress of perovskite devices fabricated using thermal evaporation method: Perspective and outlook

Cited by 45 publications

References 244 publications

Evaporated Self‐Assembled Monolayer Hole Transport Layers: Lossless Interfaces in p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells

Evaporated Self‐Assembled Monolayer Hole Transport Layers: Lossless Interfaces in p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells

Molten Salt Strategy for Reproducible Evaporation of Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

CsPbBr3 and Cs4PbBr6 perovskite light-emitting diodes using a thermally evaporated host–dopant system

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CsPbBr₃ and Cs₄PbBr₆ perovskite light-emitting diodes using a thermally evaporated host–dopant system