Recent progress on immobilization technology in enzymatic conversion of marine by-products to concentrated omega-3 fatty acids

Abstract

Marine by-products (heads, frames, trimmings, viscera, skin and scales) have been extensively investigated as sources of marine omega-3 fatty acids (mainly eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). Traditionally, extraction of fish...

Highly Valuable Fish Oil: Formation Process, Enrichment, Subsequent Utilization, and Storage of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Esters

“…Immobilized enzymes are particularly worth using due to their high stability, reusability, and feasibility of separation from the product [ 120 ]. The enzymatic enrichment of EPA-EE with immobilized lipases has also been considered as more sustainable and cleaner, and more research has been performed to design more active and stable immobilized enzymes to concentrate EPA-EE from marine byproducts in large-scale and consecutive processing [ 118 , 120 ]. Therefore, it would also be beneficial for us to produce higher-purity EPA-EE in a gentler and more efficient environment.…”

“…Considering the process of extracting, refining, and concentrating fish oil, it is important to use alternative green technologies and consider their economic cost. With the aid of certain protein engineering modifications of natural lipases or more appropriate immobilization tools to increase the number of enzymes used, lipid extraction and EPA enrichment can be maximized, and even ethyl esterification and high purity of fish oil can be achieved in one step [ 84 , 120 ]. The development and use of enzyme tools are promising and interesting areas.…”

Metal–organic framework-supported ionic liquids for lipase immobilization: design, characterization, and investigation of catalytic performance

“…The enhanced rigidity of enzymes could improve their thermostability and survivability to denaturation. 48,49 The comparison of the activity and structural data of PPL-MCaBDC and PPL-ILs/MCaBDC shows that the SILs have the function of enhancing the activity and stability of Furthermore, the good biocompatibility and affinity of ILs/MCaBDC could effectively maintain the rigidity and flexibility of lipase, which is beneficial for the integrity of the enzyme function. Thus, in the process of immobilization, lipases underwent a conformational rearrangement, and the enzyme molecules always maintained their full function.…”

Lipase/tannic acid magnetic hydrogel microspheres and their continuous catalytic application

“…7,11 A three-dimensional network of polyacrylamide hydrogel microspheres 12,13 can bind water molecules and provide a micro-water/oil interface in the organic phase for a lipase without releasing free water. 3,14 This good biocompatibility makes polyacrylamide hydrogel microspheres beneficial to maintain the activity of the enzyme 15,16 and the porous structure shows a large specific surface area, 17 which is suitable for enzyme immobilization and the transfer efficiency of substrates. However, study on the immobilization of lipases on polyacrylamide hydrogel microbeads is usually realized by hydrogen-bond interactions, which are weak and lead to the shedding of the lipase during continuous production.…”