Recent Strategies for Using Monolithic Materials in Glycoprotein and Glycopeptide Analysis

Abstract

There is continuous effort towards developing monolithic materials as solid supports for the separation, enrichment, and digestion of glycoproteins. The intention of this review is to discuss and summarize work reported in this area during the period 2015–2021 as a follow-up to our prior review. Reports from the past three decades have already proven the advantages of monolithic materials, such as the ease with which they can be prepared and functionalized, their high permeability and low resistance to mass transfer, and their stability over a wide range of pH. Recent works on glycoprotein analysis introduce different strategies in using monolithic materials specifically in separation, enrichment, and identification of glycoproteins, glycopeptides, and free glycans. A majority of these are focused on boronic acid affinity-based technique and others on lectin affinity and HILIC-based techniques. There are also newly developed ligands that utilize different interactions with glycans, such as encapsulation into β-cyclodextrin vesicles, CH- or OH-π interactions with fullerenes, immunoaffinity with monoclonal antibodies, H-bonding interactions with metallophthalocyanines, coordination interactions with cobalt phthalocyanine tetracarboxylic acid, and hydrophilic interaction with cyclodextrin molecular tubes, zwitterionic iminodiacetic acid, and boric acid. Recent strategies for developing on-line, multidimensional systems use immobilized monolithic enzyme reactors (IMERs) for high-throughput glycoprotein analysis. These works serve as contributions to better understand glycan structure-function relationship, as glycoproteins are now widely accepted disease biomarkers.

Enrichment of Phosphopeptides Based on Zirconium Phthalocyanine-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles

“…17,18 The central metal can provide coordination for various targets such as radioactive iodine and glycopeptides. 19,20 It is anticipated that MPc can be considered as a potential IMAC adsorbent for phosphopeptide analysis. However, the MPc-based enrichment strategy requires repeated centrifugation and a relatively large quantity of phosphopeptides.…”

“…Pc can combine with metal ions to form metallo-phthalocyanine (MPc) through the unshared electron pairs in the N atom. MPc has attracted increased attention in the enrichment field due to its stable chemical structure and rich metal ions. , The central metal can provide coordination for various targets such as radioactive iodine and glycopeptides. , It is anticipated that MPc can be considered as a potential IMAC adsorbent for phosphopeptide analysis. However, the MPc-based enrichment strategy requires repeated centrifugation and a relatively large quantity of adsorbent.…”

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Targeting Lipopolysaccharides and Photothermal Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

“…Among the numerous molecular imprinting methods available today, a strategy that takes advantage of boronate affinity for glycan has made progress in the field of saccharide recognition and separation. , This method utilizes the affinity of boronic acid for the cis-diol structure in glycoprotein to generate a reversible covalent bond and create an imprinted polymer layer on the surface of a substrate. , It allows easy control of the size of the imprinted layer and change in the template molecule (such as monosaccharides, glycans, glycopeptides, and glycoproteins), producing MIPs for separation, bioimaging, drug delivery, and cancer therapy. − For example, Liu et al developed a biodegradable nanoMIP-based protein delivery nanoplatform that targeted the overexpressed sialic acid on the surface of tumor cells. The authors achieved precise drug delivery at tumor sites and significant tumor therapeutic effect.…”

Optimization of the Preparation of Hydrophilic Poly(DHPMA-co-MBA) Monolithic Capillary Columns: A New Support for Affinity Chromatography

“…Miniaturized affinity monolith chromatography uses in situ synthesized monolithic supports (in, for example, fused silica capillaries), which are functionalized with biological targets such as proteins, receptors, antibodies or enzymes [1][2][3][4][5]. It is widely used for purification and enrichment in sample preparation [6][7][8], chiral separation [9] and the ligand or fragment screening in drug discovery [2,[10][11][12].…”