Recent Trends of Microbiota-Based Microbial Metabolites Metabolism in Liver Disease

Abstract

The gut microbiome and microbial metabolomic influences on liver diseases and their diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment are still controversial. Research studies have provocatively claimed that the gut microbiome, metabolomics understanding, and microbial metabolite screening are key approaches to understanding liver cancer and liver diseases. An advance of logical innovations in metabolomics profiling, the metabolome inclusion, challenges, and the reproducibility of the investigations at every stage are devoted to this domain to link the common molecules across multiple liver diseases, such as fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. These molecules are not immediately recognizable because of the huge underlying and synthetic variety present inside the liver cellular metabolome. This review focuses on microenvironmental metabolic stimuli in the gut-liver axis. Microbial small-molecule profiling (i.e., semiquantitative monitoring, metabolic discrimination, target profiling, and untargeted profiling) in biological fluids has been incompletely addressed. Here, we have reviewed the differential expression of the metabolome of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan, one-carbon metabolism and bile acid, and the gut microbiota effects are summarized and discussed. We further present proof-of-evidence for gut microbiota-based metabolomics that manipulates the host's gut or liver microbes, mechanosensitive metabolite reactions and potential metabolic pathways. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future attention to the “dark matter” of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolomics.

Gastrointestinal disorders and intestinal bacteria: Advances in research and applications in therapy

“…Numerous bacterial species are assumed to be present in the blood of patients with LC ( 103 ), which possibly contributes to the development of LC complications, such as sepsis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Bacterial translocation is closely related to various liver disease states; for example, the entry of bacterial toxins (such as endotoxins) and bacterial metabolites (such as ammonia and mercaptan) into the blood circulation is associated with the state of HE and other liver diseases ( 104 ). Thus, the above study results are helpful in planning therapeutic strategies, e.g., the use of antibacterial or probiotic agents in patients with LC.…”

Modulation of gut microbiota as a potential therapy to manipulate drug-induced hepatic damage in COVID-19 patients

“…Opportunistic pathogens such as Clostridium and Peptostreptococcus are known to produce high levels of ammonia causing disruption in body nitrogen homeostasis. This eventually leads to hepatocellular metabolic dysfunction and liver injury[ 25 ] that might increase by gut dysbiosis during antiviral drug treatment of COVID-19 infection.…”

Microbiome-Based Metabolic Therapeutic Approaches in Alcoholic Liver Disease

“…ROS (i.e., hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O 2 ; hydroxyl radical, ºOH; hydroxide, OH − , etc.,) can play a significant role in ALD development. Alcohol oxidation via alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) play a significant role in alcoholic metabolism [ 5 ].…”

“…Curiously, it has been found that 99% of the human gut microbiota in the GI tract are anaerobic bacteria. The remaining 1% include fungi, protozoa, archaea, and many microorganisms [ 4 , 5 ].…”