Rechargeable Active Implantable Medical Devices (AIMDs)

Abstract

Active Implantable Medical Devices (AIMDs) act as lifesaving devices. They provide electrical signals to tissues as well as perform data-logging operations. To perform these operations, they need power. The battery is the only source for such devices, as they are placed invasively inside the human body. Once the battery drains out, the patient wearing the device has to undergo medical surgery for the second time, where there are many chances of infections, and it could be life-threatening too. If the AIMDs, e.g., pacemakers are designed using rechargeable batteries, then the devices can be recharged regularly, which can increase the life of the device as well as reduce its size. Wireless charging of AIMDs such as ICDs or pacemakers is proposed in this paper using magnetic resonant coupling. The selection of frequency for power transfer is the most crucial part, as the basic restriction (BR) criteria proposed by ICNIRP guidelines and the IEEEC95.1 standard need to be followed, which ensures the safety of the patient. This is suggested by considering some basic restriction parameters, such as specific absorption rate (SAR) and current density, as suggested by guidelines. In this paper, experimentation using two frequencies is shown, i.e., 1.47 MHz (the high frequency) and 62 KHz (the low frequency). For experimentation, goat flesh and saline solution are used. Secondary coil and flesh are dipped in the saline solution. Battery recharging performed at a lower frequency took less time than with a frequency in the MHz range. All BR criteria are fulfilled for both frequencies, so the proposed methodology is safe to use.

Analyzing Emerging Trends in Wireless Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs): A Bibliometric Study

“…The first surgery involves implanting the battery, while the second is necessary for replacing the battery. This explains why battery complications can lead to patients undergoing surgery more than three times [63]. Patients will experience increased psychological, financial, and physical burdens if they undergo frequent surgeries for battery replacement [64].…”

Global Growth and Trends of In-Body Communication Research—Insight From Bibliometric Analysis

“…The implementation of in-body communication, especially in implanted devices, faces a significant obstacle due to its dependence on battery power. Currently, most implants use batteries that have a limited lifespan, which necessitates replacement surgery when they reach the end of their life [52], [53]. This process imposes physical, psychological, and financial burdens on patients [54].…”

Analyzing the Trends and Global Growth of Energy Harvesting for Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs) Research—A Bibliometric Approach

“…Installing IMDs poses several significant challenges, including ensuring an adequate power supply and monitoring their functionality [18], [19]. Regular replacement of batteries is necessary for these devices [4], [20], which can lead to complications due to the need for surgical procedures on the patient's body [21], [22], resulting in a significant burden and financial risks for the patient [21], [23]. Despite being inconvenient for patients, the practice of replacing batteries through periodic surgery has been deemed acceptable thus far [19].…”