“…Empirical studies from an interactional and bidirectional perspective have generally supported the idea that parent-child relationships and child problem behaviors affect each other in a reciprocal nature (e.g., Arim, Dahinten, Marshall, & Shapka, 2011; Branje, Hale, & Meeus, 2008; Keijsers, Branje, Van der Valk, & Meeus, 2010; Patterson et al, 1990; Stewart, Simons, Conger, & Scaramella, 2002; Stice & Barrera, 1995; Willoughby & Hamza, 2010). Such effects have been demonstrated both in middle childhood and in adolescence (Pardini, Fite, & Burke, 2008).…”