Recognition memory and awareness: Occurrence of perceptual effects in remembering or in knowing depends on conscious resources at encoding, but not at retrieval

Gardiner, John M.; Gregg, Vernon H.; Karayianni, Irene

doi:10.3758/bf03193401

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…This conclusion is also consistent with Bowler et al's (2000) finding on adults with Asperger syndrome using the remember-know paradigm. However, as noted in the Introduction, some doubts have been raised about the accuracy of remember and know scores as measures of recollection and familiarity (Dunn 2004;Gardiner et al 2006). With the minor modifications indicated above, the paradigm utilised in Experiment 3 may, therefore, offer a better method of obtaining a relatively pure measure of recollection in the most able individuals on the spectrum.…”

Section: Comments On Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This paradigm is, however, dependent on complex verbal instructions and verbal understanding, and is not suitable for testing young children or intellectually disabled individuals. Moreover, the paradigm has been criticised on the grounds that it does not discriminate between the contributions of recollection and familiarity as satisfactorily as first appeared to be the case (Dunn 2004;Gardiner et al 2006). The aim of the research presented here was, therefore, to develop methods of assessing recollection and familiarity separately in young or intellectually disabled participants, such as could be used to test our hypotheses relating to recollection and familiarity across the spectrum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Assessing Recollection and Familiarity in Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Methods and Findings

Bigham

Boucher

Mayes

et al. 2010

J Autism Dev Disord

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We hypothesise that of the two processes underlying declarative memory, recollection is impaired in high-functioning autism (HFA) whereas recollection and familiarity are impaired in low-functioning autism (LFA). Testing these hypotheses necessitates assessing recollection and familiarity separately. However, this is difficult, because both processes contribute to performance on standard memory tests. Moreover, tests must be suitable for use with young or intellectually disabled participants. This study aimed to develop tests of recollection and familiarity separately, and to make preliminary tests of our hypotheses. We developed a temporal source memory task to assess recollection in LFA, and a shape recognition task to assess familiarity and an action recall task assessing recollection in HFA. The methods and implications of the results are discussed.

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Section: Comments On Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Assessing Recollection and Familiarity in Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Methods and Findings

Bigham

Boucher

Mayes

et al. 2010

J Autism Dev Disord

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“…"Remember" and "know" responses reflect two recollection mechanisms which have been found to be functionally independent in that remembering depend more on perceptual factors and knowing depend more on conceptual factors even though there are overlaps [60] [61]. Experiments with the remember-know paradigm show reduced ability of making "remember" responses in normal aging while "know" responses are unaffected [62].…”

Section: Encoding and Retrievalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Effects of Late Life Depression: Review of Neuropsychological Findings

Korsnes¹,

Ulstein²

2014

JBBS

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Normal aging and depression both slow information processing speed which leads to poorer attentional control, shallower inhibition monitoring, poorer encoding, poorer updating of short term memory, and subsequent poorer learning, set-shifting, error monitoring, inhibition control, and cognitive planning. A combination of aging and depression amplifies these cognitive effects. Deterioration in frontal brain functioning in normal aging is irreversible, but altering of frontal brain function due to depression may be reversible. Since the symptoms are indistinguishable, it is difficult to separate effects of depression and aging with use of neuropsychological tests, even when premorbid history is known. Statistical group effects show more severe cognitive effects in late life depression than in normal aging or depression in younger persons, but no particular cognitive markers of depression in older subjects have been identified. Attention and inhibition are closely related, but their relationship needs to be studied further. It is not clear, whether a problem with inhibition of irrelevant stimuli occurs because of attentional deficits due to late life depression, or if it is a primary consequence of the depression. Further studies on the relationship between inhibition, attention and processing speed involving homogeneous depressed and nondepressed groups of different age may help disentangle this relationship.

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“…A sense of familiarity with a stimulus in the absence of recollection or conscious identification of sequence features can also be elicited by perceptual fluency [7,19,26,27]. Perceptual fluency is the ease with which previously perceived features are processed [7], even if the object that possesses those features is novel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As discrimination in artificial grammar learning paradigms occurs due to familiarity with the grammatical features without recollection of the grammatical features, it is often assumed that familiarity without true recollection (i.e., perceptual fluency) can be used to infer IL (e.g., [8,9,10]). A similar concept is the remember-know distinction, where the remember aspect refers to conscious recollection, and the know aspect refers to familiarity that, when disentangled from conscious recollection, may also involve perceptual fluency [26]. The sequence identification measurement model (SIMM) [8,9,10] has been proposed as a computational method for separating the familiarity of sequence features (e.g., statistical regularities) from conscious recollection and unconscious recognition (via perceptual fluency).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Sequence Identification Measurement Model to Investigate the Implicit Learning of Metrical Temporal Patterns

et al. 2013

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Implicit learning (IL) occurs unconsciously and without intention. Perceptual fluency is the ease of processing elicited by previous exposure to a stimulus. It has been assumed that perceptual fluency is associated with IL. However, the role of perceptual fluency following IL has not been investigated in temporal pattern learning. Two experiments by Schultz, Stevens, Keller, and Tillmann demonstrated the IL of auditory temporal patterns using a serial reaction-time task and a generation task based on the process dissociation procedure. The generation task demonstrated that learning was implicit in both experiments via motor fluency, that is, the inability to suppress learned information. With the aim to disentangle conscious and unconscious processes, we analyze unreported recognition data associated with the Schultz et al. experiments using the sequence identification measurement model. The model assumes that perceptual fluency reflects unconscious processes and IL. For Experiment 1, the model indicated that conscious and unconscious processes contributed to recognition of temporal patterns, but that unconscious processes had a greater influence on recognition than conscious processes. In the model implementation of Experiment 2, there was equal contribution of conscious and unconscious processes in the recognition of temporal patterns. As Schultz et al. demonstrated IL in both experiments using a generation task, and the conditions reported here in Experiments 1 and 2 were identical, two explanations are offered for the discrepancy in model and behavioral results based on the two tasks: 1) perceptual fluency may not be necessary to infer IL, or 2) conscious control over implicitly learned information may vary as a function of perceptual fluency and motor fluency.

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Recognition memory and awareness: Occurrence of perceptual effects in remembering or in knowing depends on conscious resources at encoding, but not at retrieval

Cited by 25 publications

References 65 publications

Assessing Recollection and Familiarity in Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Methods and Findings

Assessing Recollection and Familiarity in Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Methods and Findings

Cognitive Effects of Late Life Depression: Review of Neuropsychological Findings

A Sequence Identification Measurement Model to Investigate the Implicit Learning of Metrical Temporal Patterns

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