Recognition of Cancer in vivo by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Weisman, I. D.; Bennett, L. H.; Maxwell, Louis R.; Woods, Mark; Burk, Dean

doi:10.1126/science.178.4067.1288

Cited by 117 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The study was subsequently confirmed at a higher frequency (100 MHz) by lijima and Fujii (2), by Hazlewood et al (3) who added NMR measurements of the diffusion coefficient of water for tumor tissues, in the tail of a live animal by Weisman et al (4), and in single cells transformed in vitro by Carver (5).…”

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confidence: 60%

Human Tumors Detected by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Damadian

Zaner

Hor

et al. 1974

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Measurements of the water proton spinlattice relaxation (T1) in 106 human tumors confirms earlier results with animals [Damadian, R. (1971) Science 171, 1151-11531. T1 of all the tumors studied were significantly longer than T. of the corresponding normal tissues. Mean standard error and range were reported for T, of every human organ and for all the tumor groups studied. The technique is now ready for use by pathologists as an adjunct to present methods of diagnosing malignancy.In an earlier paper (1) concerned with tumors experimentally induced in laboratory animals, we reported the usefulness of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in the detection of malignancy with the aim of defining its ultimate potential as an external probe for detecting internal cancer. The study was subsequently confirmed at a higher frequency (100 MHz) by lijima and Fujii We now wish to report that we have succeeded in extending this work to humans. We have completed the NMR analysis of 106 tumors taken at surgery and we begin the NMR catalogue of human neoplasms to form the data base for designing the instrument to detect internal malignancies. In addition, this study starts the assembly of criteria for the NMR-assisted diagnosis of malignancy in biopsy specimens. METHODSThe experimental arrangement consisted of a Westinghouse superconducting magnet operating at 24,800 G, a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Specialities Corp. PS-60AW pulse spectrometer, and a probe of cross coil design operating at 100MHz. Spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) was obtained by the method of Carr and Purcell (6) and by the method of Hahn (7). Within the limits of biologic variation, the two methods proved equivalent and the null method was measurably more efficient since T was determined by the display of a Tektronix digital counter gated on and off by the programmed sequence of pulses coming out of the PS-60 spectrometer.Tumor All analyses were made at 260 utilizing a thermoregulated stream of air that circulated through the vertical room temperature access bore of the "supercon" dewar. Temperature was controlled to i 1.00 in this way and was found to be important for attaining precision in the relaxation measurements. Samples to be analyzed were preequilibrated at this temperature before final measurements were carried out.Each tumor value reported was the mean of duplicate determinations and came from a different patient. Individual values for normal organs were the mean of duplicate determinations of autopsy specimens that were obtained in the Medical Examiner's Office and therefore were from autopsy cases that were free of systemic disease. Since the aim of these studies in part was to establish the detection criteria on which an external probe could be designed, the tissue reported as the normal control was the tissue in which the tumor was lodged. In most cases, this proved to be the tissue of origin of the tumor with the conspicuous exception of liver and lymph nodes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe results (Table 1) were similar to those obtained in anima...

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confidence: 60%

Human Tumors Detected by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Damadian

Zaner

Hor

et al. 1974

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The first nuclear magnetic resonance images were produced by Lauterbur in 1973 (25) using a modified, conventional NMR spectrometer. The potential application of this technology to medical diagnosis was immediately apparent, since it had already been noted that NMR parameters [specifically, the proton (H-l) relaxation times T 1 and T 2 ] appeared to be altered in tumors when compared to corresponding normal tissues (26,27). In the ensuing years, advances in methods and instrumentation have resulted in the development of large scale NMR imaging devices which are now being used in clinical trials worldwide (28,29).…”

Section: Thank Youmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMR chemical shift imaging

Brink

Buschmann

Rosen

1989

Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics

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Medical Engineering and Medical PhysicsI. ABSTRACT Methods of obtaining nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) images containing chemical shift information are presented. Using a three-dimensional Fourier Transform approach (two spatial axes and one resonance frequency axis), proton chemical shift images were acquired in phantoms and in-vivo using both spin echo and free induction decay (FID) pulse sequences. A proton resonance frequency of 61.5 MHz, corresponding to a magnetic field strength of 1.44 tesla, was used. In simple phantoms, chemical shift images indicate that spectral resolution of 0.7 parts per million (ppm) is readily achieved at all locations within the image matrix, even when using a magnet not specifically designed for chemical shift spectroscopy. In-vivo images of normal human forearms and cat heads yield separable signals from water and lipid protons. In the cat brain, no appreciable NMR signal originates from membrane lipids (e.g., myelin); images acquired using FID pulse sequences imply T 2 relaxation times less than 2 msec for these protons. The measurement of magnetic susceptibility using this technique is also demonstrated. The effect of susceptibility variations in-vivo appears in general to be less than 1 ppm.Proton chemical shift imaging was used to study fatty liver change in the rat. The correlation between lipid group signal intensity from chemical shift images i'n-viv and liver triglyceride levels measured in-vitro was good (r = .97). In-vivo T 1 relaxation time measurements were made on lipid and water protons separately. Values calculated were corrected for the influence of gaussian plane selection and spin echo data acquisition, and demonstrate different T 1 times reflecting two distinct populations of non-exchanging protons. Proton chemical shift imaging offers enhanced sensitivity over conventional NMR imaging techniques in characterizing fatty liver disease.Selective saturation (solvent suppression) techniques were used in an imaging context in both phantoms and in-vivo. Using a three-dimensional chemical shift imaging approach, data presented demonstrate the feasibility of imaging proton metabolites at low concentration. Phantom studies without solvent suppression failed to detect lactate at 80 mM; however with solvent suppression, lactate at 40 mM was imaged in a reasonable time (approximately 50 minutes). Using a conventional two-dimensional NMR imaging technique preceded by a selective (saturating) pulse, signal from water or lipid protons were eliminated (>95% reduction in signal intensity), resulting in images of -CH 2 -or H 2 0 proton distribution with resolution and imaging times equivalent to conventional proton images. With improvements in imaging systems, these techniques may play an important role in the non-invasive evaluation of tissue ischemia using proton NMR. where Y is the gyromagnetic ratio (defined as the ratio of the nuclear magnetic moment to the spin angular momentum) and B is the magnetic field seen by the nucleus (5). This B field is traditionally rewritte...

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“…Since as early as 1959, when Singer utilized NMR to assess blood flow rates in the tail of a mouse (17), the mouse has played an important role in the development of many pioneering accomplishments in both MRI and MRS (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). With the advent of genetic engineering, this small animal has itself become the center of interest, and dedicated MR technologies have been adapted to help study and better understand the proliferation of mouse models of human diseases.…”

Section: Mr Of Transgenic Micementioning

confidence: 99%