Recognizing Depression from the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Shen, Liang; Wu, Xiaoli; Hu, Xu; Wang, Tao; Jin, Feng

doi:10.3390/ijms19061592

Cited by 250 publications

(209 citation statements)

References 160 publications

(258 reference statements)

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“…IBS patients who also have MDD are less responsive to psychotherapy and antidepressants (Whorwell et al, 1987;Drossman et al, 2000), hence maintaining the makeup of gut microbiota through prebiotics and probiotics appears to be an ideal treatment for depression in epilepsy. In support of this notion, research has indicated that depression, anxiety, and panic attacks (Schnorr and Bachner, 2016;Liang et al, 2018a) may be from abnormal gut microbiota. The robust link between depressive symptoms to the gut microbiota can be seen in research conducted whereby the GF or microbiota-depleted animals presented defective brain development and abnormal mental growth (Luczynski et al, 2016;Chen et al, 2017), indicating that both neuroplasticity and myelin plasticity is regulated by the gut microbiota.…”

Section: Gut Microbiota-depression In Epilepsymentioning

confidence: 98%

The Gut-Brain-Axis on the Manifestation of Depressive Symptoms in Epilepsy: An Evidence-Driven Hypothesis

et al. 2020

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Epilepsy is a severe neurological disorder involving 70 million people around the globe. Epilepsy-related neuropsychiatric comorbidities such as depression, which is the most common, is an additional factor that negatively impacts the living quality of epilepsy patients. There are many theories and complexities associated with both epilepsy and associated comorbidities, one of which is the gut-brain-axis influence. The gut microbiome is hypothesized to be linked with many neurological disorders; however, little conclusive evidence is available in this area. Thus, highlighting the role will create interest in researchers to conduct detailed research in comprehending the influence of gut-brain-axis in the manifestation of depressive symptoms in epilepsy. The hypothesis which is explored in this review is that the gut-brain-axis do play an important role in the genesis of epilepsy and associated depression. The correction of this dysbiosis might be beneficial in treating both epilepsy and related depression. This hypothesis is illustrated through extensive literature discussion, proposed experimental models, and its applicability in the field. There is indirect evidence which revealed some specific bacterial strains that might cause depression in epilepsy.

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Section: Gut Microbiota-depression In Epilepsymentioning

confidence: 98%

The Gut-Brain-Axis on the Manifestation of Depressive Symptoms in Epilepsy: An Evidence-Driven Hypothesis

et al. 2020

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“…10 It has been shown that Bacteroides genus in patients diagnosed with MDD was increased, while the Lachnospiraceae genus was decreased. Consequently, intestinal microbiome dysbiosis has been associated with many mental disorders including depression.…”

Section: Intestinal Microbiota On Mitochondriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondria could be a potential key mediator linking the intestinal microbiota to depression

Chen¹,

Vitetta

2019

J of Cellular Biochemistry

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The intestinal microbiota has been reported to affect depression, a common mental condition with severe health‐related consequences. However, what mediates the effect of the intestinal microbiota on depression has not been well elucidated. We summarize the roles of the mitochondria in eliciting beneficial effects on the gut microbiota to ameliorate symptoms of depression. It is well known that mitochondria play a key role in depression. An important pathogenic factor, namely inflammatory response, may adversely impact mitochondrial functionality to maintain cellular homeostasis. Dysfunction of mitochondria not only affects neuronal function but also reduces neuron cell numbers. We posit that the intestinal microbiota could affect neuronal mitochondrial function through short‐chain fatty acids such as butyrate. Brain inflammatory processes could also be affected through the modulation of gut permeability and blood lipopolysaccharide levels. Aberrant mitochondria functionality coupled to adverse cellular homeostasis could be a key mediator for the effect of the intestinal microbiota on the progression of depression.

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“…Contrastingly, other microbiota have been shown to exert the opposite effect. This may be significant, given that neuroinflammation has been identified as being key in the pathogenesis of multiple psychiatric conditions including both anxiety disorder and major depressive disorders (MDDs) 9–14…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tryptophan (TRP), a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin, is one such example 16. It is possible that cross-talk mechanisms may form part of the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders and/or depression, which highlights them as potentially utilisable therapeutic avenues for treating these conditions 11 16. Finally, it must be highlighted that the mechanisms by which GBA interactions are enacted suggest that the effects microbiota have on their host physiologically, or during pathophysiological states, may be detectable within the host’s biochemical profile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food & mood: a review of supplementary prebiotic and probiotic interventions in the treatment of anxiety and depression in adults

Noonan

Zaveri²,

Macaninch

et al. 2020

BMJNPH

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BackgroundA bidirectional relationship exists between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract. Foods containing bacteria that positively influence the gastrointestinal microbiome are termed, probiotics; compounds that promote the flourishing of these bacteria are termed, prebiotics. Whether microbiome influencing therapies could treat psychiatric conditions, including depression and anxiety, is an area of interest. Presently, no established consensus for such treatment exists.MethodsThis systematic review analyses databases and grey literature sites to investigate pre and/or probiotics as treatments for depression and/or anxiety disorders. Articles included are from within 15 years. Pre-determined inclusion exclusion criteria were applied, and articles were appraised for their quality using a modified-CASP checklist. This review focuses specifically on quantitative measures from patients with clinical diagnoses of depression and/or anxiety disorders.Results7 studies were identified. All demonstrated significant improvements in one or more of the outcomes measuring the of effect taking pre/probiotics compared with no treatment/placebo, or when compared to baseline measurements.DiscussionOur review suggests utilising pre/probiotic may be a potentially useful adjunctive treatment. Furthermore, patients with certain co-morbidities, such as IBS, might experience greater benefits from such treatments, given that pre/probiotic are useful treatments for other conditions that were not the primary focus of this discourse. Our results are limited by several factors: sample sizes (adequate, though not robust); short study durations, long-term effects and propensity for remission undetermined.ConclusionOur results affirm that pre/probiotic therapy warrants further investigation. Efforts should aim to elucidate whether the perceived efficacy of pre/probiotic therapy in depression and/or anxiety disorders can be replicated in larger test populations, and whether such effects are maintained through continued treatment, or post cessation. Interventions should also be investigated in isolation, not combination, to ascertain where the observed effects are attributable to. Efforts to produce mechanistic explanations for such effect should be a priority.

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Recognizing Depression from the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Cited by 250 publications

References 160 publications

The Gut-Brain-Axis on the Manifestation of Depressive Symptoms in Epilepsy: An Evidence-Driven Hypothesis

The Gut-Brain-Axis on the Manifestation of Depressive Symptoms in Epilepsy: An Evidence-Driven Hypothesis

Mitochondria could be a potential key mediator linking the intestinal microbiota to depression

Food & mood: a review of supplementary prebiotic and probiotic interventions in the treatment of anxiety and depression in adults

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