Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence.

Abstract

Several suggestions for a class of theories of recognition memory have been proposed during the past decade. These models address predictions about judgments of prior occurrence of an event, not the identification of what it is, The history and current status of one of these models is discussed. The model postulates the detection of familiarity and the utilization of retrieval mechanisms as additive and separate processes. The phenomenal experience of familiarity is assigned to intraevent organizational integrative processes; retrieval depends on interevent elaborative processes. Other current theoretical options are described, and relevant supportive data from the literature are reviewed. New tests of the model involving both free recall and word pair paradigms are presented. The dual process model is extended to the word frequency effect and to the recognition difficulties of amnesic patients.

Memory orientation and success: separable neurocognitive components underlying episodic recognition

“…According to numerous dual-process models of recognition [4][5][6]10,52], old and new items differ not only in terms of familiarity, but also in terms of their usefulness in cuing contextual recollections. Because recollection is typically characterized as a strategic act, subjects may not attempt recollection for items perceived as relatively novel or unfamiliar because such attempts would likely be unproductive [1].…”

“…Most notably, there were bilateral increases in the dorsal aspect of the middle frontal gyri, lateral to the frontal eye fields (coordinates −42, 6, 54 and 33, 6, 48), and in the intraparietal sulci (−24, −60, 45 and 36, −69, 33). In addition, there was a joint increase in right posterior inferior PFC (42,6,24). Because these regions failed to differentiate the retrieval tasks and were insensitive to retrieval outcome, they are likely involved in working memory or perhaps retrieval mode functions similarly recruited by both tasks and will not be considered further.…”

“…For example, under dual-process models of recognition test items can be used as retrieval cues to recover specific contextual details regarding the prior encounter, and this is termed recollection. In contrast, some items may yield a sensation of recent encounter, despite the fact that no contextual details are recollected [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]; this non-contextual form of recognition is usually termed item familiarity. Alternate characterizations also exist, which instead of focusing on process characteristics, draw a distinction be-tween recognizing the content versus the context of a prior event, or similarly between remembering what and when (e.g.…”

Pupil dilation during recognition memory: Isolating unexpected recognition from judgment uncertainty

“…This follows from Mandler's (1980) famous butcher on the bus anecdote, wherein one encounters someone who immediately evokes a sense of high familiarity but for whom there is initially no accompanying episodic content (e.g. when seeing the butcher on the bus, displaced from the context of his butcher shop).…”

The consciousness continuum: from “qualia” to “free will”

“…I put these experiences in the borderline between intentional and nonintentional experiences because, in contrast to involuntary semantic memories, in the autobiographical studies individuals are specifically 6 For a review of relevant studies see Kvavilashvili & Mandler (2004). 7 See Mandler (1980) for a discussion of the processes involved. instructed to give only autobiographical memories that have come to mind.…”