Recommendations for reporting whole-grain intake in observational and intervention studies

Ross, Alastair B.; Kristensen, Mette; Seal, Chris; Jacques, Paul F.; McKeown, Nicola M.

doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.098046

Cited by 71 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Ferruzzi et al (8) noted that part of the inconsistency may be a result of different study design and incorporation of different types of WG foods within the intervention diet regimen. In addition, methods for reporting and calculating WG intake vary considerably between studies making interpretation of results and comparison between studies even more difficult (18) .…”

Section: Health Benefits Of Consuming Whole Grains: What Is New?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-grain foods and chronic disease: evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies

2015

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Cereal-based foods are key components of the diet and they dominate most food-based dietary recommendations in order to achieve targets for intake of carbohydrate, protein and dietary fibre. Processing (milling) of grains to produce refined grain products removes key nutrients and phytochemicals from the flour and although in some countries nutrients may be replaced with mandatory fortification, overall this refinement reduces their potential nutritional quality. There is increasing evidence from both observational and intervention studies that increased intake of less-refined, whole-grain (WG) foods has positive health benefits. The highest WG consumers are consistently shown to have lower risk of developing CVD, type 2 diabetes and some cancers. WG consumers may also have better digestive health and are likely to have lower BMI and gain less weight over time. The bulk of the evidence for the benefits of WG comes from observational studies, but evidence of benefit in intervention studies and potential mechanisms of action is increasing. Overall this evidence supports the promotion of WG foods over refined grain foods in the diet, but this would require adoption of standard definitions of 'whole grain' and 'whole-grain foods' which will enable innovation by food manufacturers, provide clarity for the consumer and encourage the implementation of food-based dietary recommendations and public health strategies.

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Section: Health Benefits Of Consuming Whole Grains: What Is New?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-grain foods and chronic disease: evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies

2015

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“…The evidence for the potential role of whole grain food intake for general health benefits and mortality prevention [107] recommends increased consumption of whole grain cereal food products in most countries [117][118][119]. According to an expert panel report on dietary recommendations [120], at least 8 g of whole grains per about 30 g, without a fiber, (or at least 51% of total weight as whole grain content) is required as a minimum content of whole grains food.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary alkylresorcinols and cancer prevention: a systematic review

Kruk

Aboul‐Enein

Bernstein

et al. 2017

Eur Food Res Technol

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nervous system, adenocarcinoma, hepatocarcinoma, cervix squamous carcinoma, and ovarian cancer cell lines, at micromolar alkylresorcinols concentration. Evidence from prospective studies confirmed significant inverse associations between whole grains intake and distal colon cancer risk. Model studies suggest a high cytotoxicity of alkylresorcinols toward cancer cells. These findings maintain that alkylresorcinols as components of whole grains are likely to find application in cancer prevention; however, the need for intervention studies to confirm their preventive action is warranted. Abstract The potential role of alkylresorcinol compound from whole grains for prevention and inhibition of human cancer cell lines has been reported in observational and in vitro studies. The objective of this study was to present an updated review on the association between alkylresorcinols and cancer risk and aspects of their bioactivity with implications for carcinogenesis. Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, SpringerLink, ArticleFirst, Taylor & Francis, Wiley Online, and ScienceDirect electronic databases using these search terms and key words: alkylresorcinols, cancer, carcinoma, risk. Furthermore, references from retrieved articles were also reviewed. Four observational and 10 in vitro studies were included in the analysis of natural or synthetic alkylresorcinols for anticancer activities. Two prospective studies reported a 52-66% risk reduction of distal colon cancer at nanomolar alkylresorcinols concentration in plasma; the remaining studies found no reduction of endometrial cancer risk and an approximate 40% increase in prostate cancer risk. In vitro studies presented inhibition of human colon, breast, lung, central Keywords

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“…A lack of standard methods to measure WGs has posed substantial problems for researchers conducting human intervention studies. Without standard methods, it will be extremely difficult to ever understand the effects of individual grains or individual-grain components in human intervention trials (19). Other challenges identified by the group were as follows: a need for better reporting of WG intake, a lack of data on individual particle size, how to account for differences in grains that occur because of variability in growing conditions, issues around reconstitution and recombination, mixed public messaging about WGs, and a lack of consumer education.…”

Section: Because Of a Lack Of Standard Methods It Is Difficult To Mementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The variability in units not only confuses consumers who are trying to identify WG products, but it also limits researchers who are trying to accurately estimate WG intake in observational and intervention studies (19). Ross and colleagues (19) addressed the need for clearer reporting of WGs and made several suggestions, one of which was to "report the amount of whole grain consumed (in grams) rather than the absolute amount of the whole grain food product." For example, "16 g whole grain wheat versus 28 g whole grain wheat bread."…”

Section: Wg-food Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because WG interventions vary, including the types of grains consumed, the amount eaten, and the overall diet, it is challenging to find clarity and consistency in study design (19). On the other hand, evidence from epidemiologic studies has repeatedly demonstrated the benefits of WG consumption (w3-5 servings/d) for several health outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) (20), weight gain (20), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (21), and both specific-cause and all-cause mortality (21)(22)(23)(24).…”

Section: Scientific Evidence Supports the Health Benefits Of Wgsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thinking critically about whole-grain definitions: summary report of an interdisciplinary roundtable discussion at the 2015 Whole Grains Summit

Korczak¹,

Marquart

Slavin

et al. 2016

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Definitions for whole grain (WG) have been published by governments, the food industry, and grain organizations and generally fall into 2 categories: WG and WG food. WG definitions focus on the principal components of the WGs and their proportions, whereas WG-food definitions describe the quantity of WGs present in food. In the United States, widespread agreement exists on the main parts of a definition for a WG, with a definition for a WG food still in its early stages; a standard definition that has been universally accepted does not exist. Furthermore, nutrition policy advises consumers to eat WGs for at least one-half of their total grain intake (2010 and 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans), but confusion exists over which foods are considered WGs and how much is needed to achieve health benefits. In December 2014, a workshop sponsored by the subcommittee on collaborative process of the US Government's Interagency Committee on Human Nutrition Research convened in Washington, DC, and recognized WG definitions as a key nutrition and public health-related issue that could benefit from further collaboration. As a follow-up to that meeting, an interdisciplinary roundtable meeting was organized at the Whole Grains Summit on 25 June 2015 in Portland, Oregon, to help resolve the issue. This article summarizes the main opportunities and challenges that were identified during the meeting for defining WGs and WG foods internationally. Definitions of WGs and WG foods that are uniformly adopted by research, food industry, consumer, and public health communities are needed to enable comparison of research results across populations.Am J Clin Nutr 2016;104:1508-14.

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Recommendations for reporting whole-grain intake in observational and intervention studies

Cited by 71 publications

References 36 publications

Whole-grain foods and chronic disease: evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies

Whole-grain foods and chronic disease: evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies

Dietary alkylresorcinols and cancer prevention: a systematic review

Thinking critically about whole-grain definitions: summary report of an interdisciplinary roundtable discussion at the 2015 Whole Grains Summit

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