Recommended minimal requirements and development guidelines for exposure setups of bio-experiments addressing the health risk concern of wireless communications

Kuster, Niels; Schönborn, Frank

doi:10.1002/1521-186x(200010)21:7<508::aid-bem4>3.0.co;2-f

Cited by 125 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, general guidelines and minimal requirements have been defined and published in the literature [25][26][27][28] suggesting specific procedures and methods to be followed in the realization of RF in vitro exposure setups in order to pursue reliability and reproducibility of the results.…”

Section: Electromagnetic Requirementssupporting

confidence: 76%

“… the uniformity of SAR distribution inside the sample, which must be as high as possible, although an overall standard deviation from homogeneity of less than 30% is considered acceptable [26];  the SAR efficiency, which is defined as the ratio between the average SAR and the input power at the feeding end of the RF applicator, and can be increased by optimizing the coupling condition between the induced electromagnetic field and the sample;  the thermal increase in the biological sample, which, in the framework of the evaluation of non-thermal effects of EM fields, should be insignificant (< 0.1 °C). This means that either the SAR level throughout the exposure must be low enough to avoid sample heating, or the exposure system must be provided with specific thermoregulation tools that counteract the undesired thermal increases.…”

Section: Electromagnetic Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Requirements for in vitro Studies Aimed to Evaluate the Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation

Zeni¹,

Scarfì²

2012

Microwave Materials Characterization

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Section: Electromagnetic Requirementssupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Electromagnetic Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Requirements for in vitro Studies Aimed to Evaluate the Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation

Zeni¹,

Scarfì²

2012

Microwave Materials Characterization

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“…The dependence of RF exposure on device design, position at head, head shape, internal anatomy, and metallic accessories such as glasses, jewelry, and metallic implants, has been summarized (Burkhardt and Kuster, 1999;Kuster, 2000Kuster, , 2001. For a given antenna input power, device design and device position relative to the head appear to have the largest impact on the strength and distribution of the induced fields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measured radiofrequency exposure during various mobile-phone use scenarios

Kelsh

Shum

Sheppard

et al. 2010

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Epidemiologic studies of mobile phone users have relied on self reporting or billing records to assess exposure. Herein, we report quantitative measurements of mobile-phone power output as a function of phone technology, environmental terrain, and handset design. Radiofrequency (RF) output data were collected using software-modified phones that recorded power control settings, coupled with a mobile system that recorded and analyzed RF fields measured in a phantom head placed in a vehicle. Data collected from three distinct routes (urban, suburban, and rural) were summarized as averages of peak levels and overall averages of RF power output, and were analyzed using analysis of variance methods. Technology was the strongest predictor of RF power output. The older analog technology produced the highest RF levels, whereas CDMA had the lowest, with GSM and TDMA showing similar intermediate levels. We observed generally higher RF power output in rural areas. There was good correlation between average power control settings in the software-modified phones and power measurements in the phantoms. Our findings suggest that phone technology, and to a lesser extent, degree of urbanization, are the two stronger influences on RF power output. Software-modified phones should be useful for improving epidemiologic exposure assessment.

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“…To maximize the count of cells subjecting to the same exposure intensity, low exposure heterogeneity is desired in cells. For in vitro experiments, the heterogeneity is suggested to be no more than 30%, as measured by the SAR SD [8]. Due to the inherent SAR distribution in cells, it is difficult to change the exposure efficiency and heterogeneity by tunable devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DOSIMETRY AND TEMPERATURE EVALUATIONS OF A 1800 MHz TEM CELL FOR IN VITRO EXPOSURE WITH STANDING WAVES

Zhao¹,

Lü²,

Deng³

2012

PIER

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Abstract-A 1800 MHz transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) cell is introduced for experiments investigating effects on biological samples caused by the exposure from mobile communications. To characterize and quantify the exposure environment in the setup for standardized in vitro experiments, we evaluate the dosimetry and the exposureinduced temperature rise in cultured cells. The study is numerically based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) formulation of the Maxwell equations and the finite-difference formulation of the bioheat transfer equation, with all algorithms and models strictly validated for accuracy. Two sample formations of cells are considered including the cell layer and the cell suspension cultured in the 35 mm Petri dish. The TEM cell is designed to establish standing waves with the maximum E field and the maximum H field, respectively, at the position of the Petri dish. The Petri dish is oriented to E, −E, H, k, and −k directions of the incident field, respectively, to receive the exposure. The specific absorption rate (SAR) is calculated in cells for 10 exposure arrangements combined from the maximum fields and Petri dish orientations. A comparison determines the best arrangement with the highest exposure efficiency and the lowest exposure heterogeneity. The dosimetry and the exposure-induced temperature rise in cells are evaluated for the selected arrangement. To avoid thermal reactions caused by overheating, the maximum temperature rises in cells are recorded during the exposure. Based on the records, the temperature control is performed by setting limits to the exposure duration. We introduce a method to further reduce the exposure heterogeneity and evaluate the influence of the Petri dish holder on the dosimetry and temperature rise. The study compares the TEM cell to the waveguide, as well as the standing wave exposure 488Zhao, Lu, and Deng to the propagating wave exposure. The TEM cell and the selected arrangement of the standing wave exposure improve the exposure quality over the traditional methods, with increased efficiency and decreased heterogeneity of the exposure.

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Recommended minimal requirements and development guidelines for exposure setups of bio-experiments addressing the health risk concern of wireless communications

Cited by 125 publications

References 20 publications

Experimental Requirements for in vitro Studies Aimed to Evaluate the Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation

Experimental Requirements for in vitro Studies Aimed to Evaluate the Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation

Measured radiofrequency exposure during various mobile-phone use scenarios

DOSIMETRY AND TEMPERATURE EVALUATIONS OF A 1800 MHz TEM CELL FOR IN VITRO EXPOSURE WITH STANDING WAVES

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