“…In recent years, a lot of research effort has been expanded to establish a sound theoretical basis for encoding and decoding using the precise timing of the spikes rather than spike-count rates (Lazar & Pnevmatikakis, 2008;Florescu & Coca, 2015;Lazar & Slutskiy, 2015;Florescu, 2017;Florescu & Coca, 2018). A range of supervised learning approaches that utilise temporal coding schemes have been developed for recurrent spiking neural networks (SNNs) with feedforward and feedback connections (Gardner & Grüning, 2016;Gütig, 2014).…”