Reconstruction of the ice winter severity since 1701 in the Western Baltic

Koslowski, Gerhard; Glaser, Rüdiger

doi:10.1007/bf01092982

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Girjatowicz (1990) classified 3 ice winter types (mild, moderate and severe) with respect to the sum of mean daily air temperature below 0°C from December through March, maximum ice thickness during the ice season and number of days with ice. Seven ice winter severity types defined by the ice concentration, ice thickness and index of days with ice were offered by Koslowski & Glaser (1995 ). The correlation coefficient between the maximum annual extent of ice cover in the Baltic Sea and the mean air temperature from December to March at Mariehamn (Aland Island) during 1873-1992 is 0.91 (Seinä & Palosuo 1996).…”

Section: Scope Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tarand (1993 constructed time series of ice breakup in the port of Tallinn since 1501. Ice conditions in the western Baltic Sea have been analyzed in terms of a mass-related severity index by Koslowski & Loewe (1996) and Koslowski & Glaser (1995, 1999. Reconstruction of 7 types of winter severity was based on the accumulated areal ice volume along the German Baltic during 1501-1995.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Severity of winter seasons in the northern Baltic Sea between 1529 and 1990: reconstruction and analysis

Jevrejeva¹

2001

Clim. Res.

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Section: Scope Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severity of winter seasons in the northern Baltic Sea between 1529 and 1990: reconstruction and analysis

Jevrejeva¹

2001

Clim. Res.

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“…For the Baltic Sea, two methods have been used. Koslowski and Glaser (1995) used an index that describes the mass of sea ice by integrating ice thickness over the sea area in question, while Sztobryn et al (2009) , on the other hand, are classed as severe ice winters, and the MIBs were correspondingly larger: 244,000 km 2 (2010) and 309,000 km 2 (2011). More importantly, the ice was thick, and severe storms induced pack ice compression events that caused major difficulties for winter navigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Change—Sea Ice

Haapala

Ronkainen

Schmelzer

et al. 2015

Regional Climate Studies

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Sea ice conditions in the Baltic Sea have been systematically monitored for more than 100 years. All sea ice-related parameters display large interannual variability, but a change towards milder ice winters has been observed over the past 100 years: in particular, the annual maximum ice extent has decreased and the length of the ice season has become shorter. There is no correlation between consecutive ice seasons because the thermal memory of the Baltic Sea is only 2-3 months. Interannual variability in sea ice conditions is principally driven by the large-scale atmospheric circulation, described by the North Atlantic Oscillation. In addition to a tendency towards milder winters, the occurrence of severe ice winters has also decreased considerably over the past 25 years.

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“…Historical records of ice conditions have been used in several studies concerning climate reconstruction (Stakle 1936, Jurva 1944, Palosuo 1953, Betin 1957, Tarand 1993, Koslowski & Glaser 1995, Koslowski & Loewe 1996, Seinä & Palosuo 1996, Jevrejeva 2001). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results show that there is large natural variability in the Baltic (Prüfer 1942, Betin 1957, Alenius & Makkonen 1981, Leppäranta & Seinä 1985, Drabkin et al 1988, Kostjukov & Zaharchenko 1988, Leppäranta 1989, Schmelzer 1994, Sztobryn 1994, Girjatowicz & Kozuchowski 1995, Koslowski & Glaser 1995, Koslowski & Loewe 1996, Tinz 1996, Jevrejeva 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baltic Sea ice seasons in the twentieth century

Jevrejeva¹,

Drabkin²,

Kostjukov³

et al. 2004

Clim. Res.

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We examine the evolution of ice seasons in the Baltic Sea during the 20th century based on a set of 37 time series from the coastal observation stations. The statistical question of combining data from sites with different ice probabilities is solved by using fractiles of the distributions. These 100 yr long time series, including date of freezing, ice break-up, number of days with ice, and maximum annual ice thickness, provide evidence of a general trend toward easier ice conditions; the largest change is in the length of ice season, which is decreasing by 14 to 44 d per century. The trends of a reduction of about 8 to 20 d per century to earliest ice break-up are in a good agreement with a warming trend in winter air temperature over Europe. A statistically significant decreasing trend in probability of ice occurrence in the southern part of the Baltic Sea was detected; however, there is no change in probability of ice occurrence in the northern part.

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Reconstruction of the ice winter severity since 1701 in the Western Baltic

Cited by 38 publications

References 9 publications

Severity of winter seasons in the northern Baltic Sea between 1529 and 1990: reconstruction and analysis

Severity of winter seasons in the northern Baltic Sea between 1529 and 1990: reconstruction and analysis

Recent Change—Sea Ice

Baltic Sea ice seasons in the twentieth century

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