Reconstructions of surface ocean conditions from the northeast Atlantic and Nordic seas during the last millennium

Cunningham, Laura; Austin, William E. N.; Knudsen, Karen Luise; Eiríksson, Jón; Scourse, James; Wanamaker, Alan D.; Butler, Paul; Cage, Alix G.; Richter, Thomas; Husum, Katrine; Hald, Morten; Andersson, Carin; Zorita, Eduardo; Linderholm, Hans W.; Gunnarson, B.; Sicre, Marie‐Alexandrine; Sejrup, Hans Petter; Jiang, Hui; Wilson, Rob

doi:10.1177/0959683613479677

Cited by 62 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…2a, b). The western Iberia records reveal a warmer first phase in the MCA in agreement with data for the NE North Atlantic (Cunningham et al, 2013). However, at the Algarve site SST decreases during the MCA, between 800 and 1100 CE, followed by an increase of ±1 • C between 1100 and 1300 CE.…”

Section: Sea Surface Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 74%

The climate of the Common Era off the Iberian Peninsula

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The Mediterranean region is a climate hot spot, sensitive not only to global warming but also to water availability. In this work we document major temperature and precipitation changes in the Iberian Peninsula and margin during the last 2000 years and propose an interplay of the North Atlantic internal variability with the three atmospheric circulation modes (ACMs), (North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), east atlantic (EA) and Scandinavia (SCAND)) to explain the detected climate variability.We present reconstructions of sea surface temperature (SST derived from alkenones) and on-land precipitation (estimated from higher plant n-alkanes and pollen data) in sedimentary sequences recovered along the Iberian Margin between the south of Portugal (Algarve) and the northwest of Spain (Galiza) (36 to 42 • N).A clear long-term cooling trend, from 0 CE to the

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Section: Sea Surface Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 74%

The climate of the Common Era off the Iberian Peninsula

et al. 2017

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“…Several climate fluctuations occurred during the LH, including the cold 2.7 ka BP event, the warm Medieval Climate Anomaly (ca AD1000e1300), followed by the Little Ice Age (ca AD1400e1800), and the late 19th century warming, amplified during the late 20th/early 21st centuries (e.g., Jennings and Weiner, 1996;Andersson et al, 2003;Nesje et al, 2008;Hald et al, 2011;Cunningham et al, 2013). The relatively short duration of these climatic events prevents them from being clearly visible in our synthesized and smoothed reference records (Fig.…”

Section: Late Holocene (Lh 4 Ka Bp To Present) E Cold Periodmentioning

confidence: 90%

A brief history of climate – the northern seas from the Last Glacial Maximum to global warming

Eldevik

Risebrobakken

Bjune

et al. 2014

Quaternary Science Reviews

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a b s t r a c tThe understanding of climate and climate change is fundamentally concerned with two things: a welldefined and sufficiently complete climate record to be explained, for example of observed temperature, and a relevant mechanistic framework for making closed and consistent inferences concerning causeand-effect. This is the case for understanding observed climate, as it is the case for historical climate as reconstructed from proxy data and future climate as projected by models. The present study offers a holistic description of northern maritime climate e from the Last Glacial Maximum through to the projected global warming of the 21st century e in this context. It includes the compilation of the most complete temperature record for Norway and the Norwegian Sea to date based on the synthesis of available terrestrial and marine paleoclimate reconstructions into continuous times series, and their continuation into modern and future climate with the instrumental record and a model projection. The scientific literature on a variable northern climate is reviewed against this background, and with a particular emphasis on the role of the Norwegian Atlantic Current e the Gulf Stream's extension towards the Arctic. This includes the introduction of an explicit and relatively simple diagnostic relation to quantify the change in ocean circulation consistent with reconstructed ocean temperatures. It is found that maritime climate and the strength of the Norwegian Atlantic Current are closely related throughout the record. The nature of the relation is however qualitatively different as one progresses from the past, through the present, and into the future.

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“…Polyakov et al (2004) synthesized various observational data sets to conclude that the intermediate Atlantic Water layer in the Arctic shows a continuous warming trend that is superposed by multidecal variability. Combining proxy data and observations, Cunningham et al (2013) compiled a synthesis of SST changes in the north-eastern North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas during the last millennium. For the 20th century (their Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced 20th-century heat transfer to the Arctic simulated in the context of climate variations over the last millennium

2014

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Abstract. Oceanic heat transport variations, carried by the northward-flowing Atlantic Water, strongly influence Arctic sea-ice distribution, ocean-atmosphere exchanges, and pan-Arctic temperatures. Palaeoceanographic reconstructions from marine sediments near Fram Strait have documented a dramatic increase in Atlantic Water temperatures over the 20th century, unprecedented in the last millennium. Here we present results from Earth system model simulations that reproduce and explain the reconstructed exceptional Atlantic Water warming in Fram Strait in the 20th century in the context of natural variability during the last millennium. The associated increase in ocean heat transfer to the Arctic can be traced back to changes in the ocean circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic. An interplay between a weakening overturning circulation and a strengthening subpolar gyre as a consequence of 20th-century global warming is identified as the driving mechanism for the pronounced warming along the Atlantic Water path toward the Arctic. Simulations covering the late Holocene provide a reference frame that allows us to conclude that the changes during the last century are unprecedented in the last 1150 years and that they cannot be explained by internal variability or natural forcing alone.

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Reconstructions of surface ocean conditions from the northeast Atlantic and Nordic seas during the last millennium

Cited by 62 publications

References 95 publications

The climate of the Common Era off the Iberian Peninsula

The climate of the Common Era off the Iberian Peninsula

A brief history of climate – the northern seas from the Last Glacial Maximum to global warming

Enhanced 20th-century heat transfer to the Arctic simulated in the context of climate variations over the last millennium

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