Recontamination of Food After Feeding a 32P Food Source to Biting Muscidae1, 2

Butler, Jerry F.; Kloft, W.; DuBose, Leo; Kloft, E. S.

doi:10.1093/jmedent/13.4-5.567

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…However, this volume of blood was inadequate for mechanical transmission of Anaplasma marginale (Scoles et al 2005) and bovine leukemia virus (Weber et al 1988). Butler et al (1977) reported stable ßies will occasionally regurgitate red blood cells and serum from a previously ingested bloodmeal, suggesting another potential mode of mechanical transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of West Nile Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Parasitizing Juvenile American White Pelicans

et al. 2010

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Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), an economically important pest of livestock and humans, were observed parasitizing prefledged American white pelicans, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (Pelecaniformes: Pelecanidae), in a pelican breeding colony in northeastern Montana where die-offs attributed to West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) have occurred since 2002. Engorged and unengorged flies were collected off nine moribund chicks. Of 29 blood-engorged flies testing positive for vertebrate DNA, all 29 contained pelican DNA. Virus isolation was performed on 60 pools (1,176 flies) of unengorged flies using Vero cell plaque assay. Eighteen pools were positive for WNV for an estimated infection rate of 18.0 per 1,000 flies. Fifty-four percent (36/67) of abdomens from blood-engorged flies tested positive for WNV. Pelican viremia levels from the blood-engorged fly abdomens revealed that at least one of the ill pelicans circulated a viremia capable of infecting Culex mosquito vectors. Stable flies may be involved in WNV transmission within the pelican breeding colony by serving as either a mechanical vector or as a source for oral infection if ingested by predators.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of West Nile Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Parasitizing Juvenile American White Pelicans

et al. 2010

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“…This insect is ideally suited to this type of virus transmission as it has a painful bite, which results in animals taking defensive actions such as tail switching, thus preventing the completion of a full bloodmeal. Experimental evidence has also shown that S. calcitrans can regurgitate a bloodmeal before taking up another bloodmeal (Butler et al ., 1977). Should the first bloodmeal be infected with LSDV, this activity would enhance the likelihood of transmission because the mouthparts would be contacted with regurgitated virus during the second feed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attempted mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects

Chihota¹,

Rennie

Kitching

et al. 2003

Medical Vet Entomology

140

167

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The mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) and the biting midge Culicoides nubeculosus Meigen (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) were allowed to feed on either lumpy skin disease (LSD) infected animals or through a membrane on a bloodmeal containing lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). These arthropods were then allowed to refeed on susceptible cattle at various intervals after the infective feed. Virus was detected in the insects by polymerase chain reaction immediately after feeding and at sufficiently high titre to enable transmission to occur. However, no transmission of virus from infected to susceptible animals by An. stephensi, S. calcitrans, C. nubeculosus and Cx. quinquefasciatus was observed.

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“…An alternative to immediate mechanical transmission occurs when blood from the insect's gut or crop is regurgitated (Butler et al, 1977). Because pathogens can survive longer within the vector, this may facilitate delayed transmission (Baldacchino et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae) are frequent feeders in which the interval between bloodmeals varies from 4 h to 72 h (Baldacchino et al, 2013). Moreover, stable flies can regurgitate part of a previous bloodmeal before taking another one and thereby easily transmit the high doses of pathogen required for the transfer of an agent of infection (Butler et al, 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersal capacity of Haematopota spp. and Stomoxys calcitrans using a mark–release–recapture approach in Belgium

Lempereur

Sohier

Smeets

et al. 2018

Medical Vet Entomology

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Abstract. The dispersion potential of mechanical vectors is an important factor in the dissemination of pathogens. A mark-release-recapture experiment was implemented using two groups (unfed and partially fed) of the Tabanidae (Diptera) (Haematopota spp.) and biting Muscidae (Diptera) (Stomoxys calcitrans) most frequently collected in Belgium in order to evaluate their dispersion potential. In total, 2104 specimens of Haematopota spp. were collected directly from horses and 5396 S. calcitrans were collected in a cattle farm using hand-nets. Some of these insects were partially fed in vitro and all were subsequently coloured. Overall, 67 specimens of S. calcitrans (1.2%) and 17 of Haematopota spp. (0.8%) were recaptured directly on horses. Stomoxys calcitrans flew maximum distances of 150 m and 300 m when partially fed and unfed, respectively. Haematopota spp. travelled maximum distances of 100 m and 200 m when partially fed and unfed, respectively. Segregation measures seem essential in order to reduce the risk for pathogen transmission. A distance of 150 m appears to be the minimum required for segregation to avoid the risk for mechanical transmission, but in areas of higher vector density, this should probably be increased.

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Recontamination of Food After Feeding a 32P Food Source to Biting Muscidae1, 2

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Detection of West Nile Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Parasitizing Juvenile American White Pelicans

Detection of West Nile Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Parasitizing Juvenile American White Pelicans

Attempted mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects

Dispersal capacity of Haematopota spp. and Stomoxys calcitrans using a mark–release–recapture approach in Belgium

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