2014
DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.891540
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Recovering valuable metals from recycled photovoltaic modules

Abstract: Recovering valuable metals such as Si, Ag, Cu, and Al has become a pressing issue as end-of-life photovoltaic modules need to be recycled in the near future to meet legislative requirements in most countries. Of major interest is the recovery and recycling of highpurity silicon (>99.9%) for the production of wafers and semiconductors. The value of Si in crystalline-type photovoltaic modules is estimated to be~$95/kW at the 2012 metal price. At the current installed capacity of 30 GW/yr, the metal value in the … Show more

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Cited by 113 publications
(43 citation statements)
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“…The recoverable valuables across various types of PV modules include aluminium, silver, copper, indium, gallium, tellurium, and glass. The hazardous substances on the other hand are cadmium, arsenic, lead, antimony, and fluoropolymers such as polyvinyl fluoride or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The recoverable valuables across various types of PV modules include aluminium, silver, copper, indium, gallium, tellurium, and glass. The hazardous substances on the other hand are cadmium, arsenic, lead, antimony, and fluoropolymers such as polyvinyl fluoride or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The recrystallization shows clear characteristic of liquid phase crystallization (LPC) [20] at the power density level of 13.5-15.0 kW cm −2 , which have been monitored by the optical reflection using a control laser measured at the scan front, where a highly reflecting surface is the characteristic for the materials above the melting temperature [20]. 2 International Journal of Photoenergy Crack formation is an issue for the LPC process due to high stress originating from the high temperature gradient during the solidification [21]; it starts within the top layer and spreads to the volume of the pc-wafer as indicated by the arrow in Figure 1(d). Such crack formation sometimes leads to breakage of the wafers; therefore, a substrate temperature of 600°C was used to reduce the thermal stress.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a result, around 50% of purified solar grade silicon will be lost due to the wafer sawing and subsequent processing [2], in the form of Si kerf (powders) in the sawing waste or in the slurry during the polishing of the wafers, that corresponds to approximately 200,000 tons out of the 400,000 tons of solar grade silicon consumed for solar cell production in 2016 [1,3].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The recycling of PV modules is able to supply >88,000 and >207,000 tpa of silicon by 2040 and 2050, respectively [10]. Global warming potential (GWP) produced by recycling of 1 ton of Si PV panels is equal to 370 kgCO 2 eq [11], saving approximately 800-1200 kgCO 2 eq in case of a module 100% manufactured from primary materials [12].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%