Recovery of Bergamot Seed Oil by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Comparison with Traditional Solvent Extraction

Abstract

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction of bergamot seed oil (Citrus bergamia Risso) was performed to study the effect of various parameters such as pressure and temperature on the yield and composition of oil. The supercritical fluid extraction of bergamot seed oil was studied at 30°C/150 bar, 40°C/150 bar, 50°C 150 bar and 30°C/250 bar. The chemical composition of each SC‐CO2 extraction sample was analysed by GC and the composition was compared with that obtained by petroleum ether extraction. The maximum oil yield was predicted to be 24.18 g/100 g using a petroleum ether extraction, while in the extractions with SC‐CO2 the highest yield was 17.8 g/100 g using an extraction pressure of 15 MPa, temperature of 50°C, extraction duration of 6 h and density of CO2 of 587 Kg/m3. Practical Applications The seed oil of bergamot has a particular fatty acid composition. This composition lend an interesting feature such as a semi‐siccative oil. The present paper, reports the preliminary investigations in to the extraction of oil from bergamot seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2). The oil thus obtained will be compared with that extracted by solvent, to highlight any differences in composition.

Comparison of Physicochemical Characteristics and Composition of Bergamot Oil Seed Extracted From Three Different Cultivars

“…In recent years vegetable oils have assumed an important role, not only for human consumption, but also in the cosmetics sector (e.g., wheat germ oil, avocado oil) and other industries (chemical, alimentary and pharmaceutical industries) (Rewolinski, 1985;Bhatia et al, 1990;Agbo et al, 1992;Foidl, 1996;Mahmud et al, 2006;Danby et al, 2013;Adiletta et al, 2015;Giuffrè et al, 2015 B;Giuffrè et al, 2016;Sicari and Poiana, 2016).…”

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Waste Citrus Seeds: Chemical Composition, Nutritional and Biological Properties of Edible Fixed Oils

“…Citrus plants (Rutaceae family) are one of the most important fruit crops cultivated all over the world and are harvested in many countries with tropical or subtropical climate . The cultivation of Citrus fruits developed primarily in the Southeast Asia, then, following human migration patterns, has spread around the world, including the Mediterranean basin area, where many species are currently cultivated for alimentary or industrial purposes (e.g., beverages, cosmetics, sweets, and pharmaceuticals) . Citrus plants (orange, mandarin, tangerine, grapefruit, lemon, clementine, bergamot) are largely cultivated in southern Italy and in some areas of few central and northern Italy .…”

“…The cultivation of Citrus fruits developed primarily in the Southeast Asia, then, following human migration patterns, has spread around the world, including the Mediterranean basin area, where many species are currently cultivated for alimentary or industrial purposes (e.g., beverages, cosmetics, sweets, and pharmaceuticals) . Citrus plants (orange, mandarin, tangerine, grapefruit, lemon, clementine, bergamot) are largely cultivated in southern Italy and in some areas of few central and northern Italy . In Italy, Sardinia is one of the major producers of Citrus fruits, mainly orange, clementine, mandarin, and lemon, and Citrus production is largely concentrated in the southern portion of the island along the coastal areas .…”

“…In the last years, novel and greener methods have been used for the extraction of essential and fixed oils from Citrus wastes such as microwaves, ultrasound‐assisted extraction and the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (CO 2 ‐SFE) . In particular, several studies have reported the use of the CO 2 ‐SFE extraction for the recovery of fixed oils from bergamot ( Citrus bergamia Risso), yuza ( C. ichangensis × C. reticulata ), and yuzu ( C. junos ) seeds . CO 2 ‐SFE is an alternative, environmentally benign, separation technique, widely used to obtain fixed oils from seeds …”

Statistical optimization for precipitation of bioactive compounds from extracted Centella asiatica using gas anti‐solvent technique

“…Due to the uniqueness properties of a supercritical fluid, such as liquid‐like density and gas‐like transport properties, it can be used as a green solvent in the extraction process. In addition, an increased awareness of pollution control and concern of residual organic solvent in the extracts have encouraged the use of supercritical fluids as extracting agents for herbs, seeds, food, lipids, beverages, and spices (McHugh & Krukonis, ; Kang et al, ; Sangarunlert et al, ; Crampon et al, ; Machmudah et al, ; Torres et al, ; Shrigod et al, ; Sicari & Poiana, ; Cobb et al, ). However, in some cases, the compound of interest may have a poor solubility in the supercritical fluid, resulting in a low extraction yield.…”