Recovery of N and P from human urine by freezing, struvite precipitation and adsorption to zeolite and active carbon

Phosphorus recovery as struvite from farm, municipal and industrial waste: Feedstock suitability, methods and pre-treatments

“…The pH range reported to be favourable for struvite precipitation varies from of 8-11 (Kabdasli et al, 2009). P recovery efficiency is generally high and often >90% (Table 1) with municipal wastewater averaging 95% (Pastor et al, 2010;Uysal et al, 2010) and landfill leachate (Iaconi et al, 2010), human urine (Ganrot et al, 2007) and carmine dye industry (Chimenos et al, 2003) wastewater processes reporting 100% recovery. Struvite also captures NH 4 + with recovery efficiency as high as 98% for municipal wastewater and semiconductor wastewater (Suschka and Poplawski, 2003;Kim et al, 2009 (Demirer et al, 2005;Zhao et al, 2010;Shen et al, 2011), swine manure (Burns et al, 2001(Burns et al, , 2003Nelson et al, 2003;Suzuki et al, 2007;Perera et al, 2007;Ryu and Lee, 2010;Liu et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2012), poultry manure (Yetilmezsoy et al, 2009) and cattle urine (Prabhu and Mutnuri, 2014 The high P content of manure makes it a suitable source, however its available P fraction remains only in the range of 35% (poultry manure) to 63% (dairy manure) of total P (Barnett, 1994).…”

“…Nepal (Ronteltap et al, 2007;Gell et al, 2011;Grau et al, 2012) without the need for any pre-treatments.. Human urine contains156-460 mg L -1 of P and is low in heavy metals (Ganrot et al, 2007;Morales et al, 2013). Struvite can easily be precipitated from urine urea by addition of Mg, since it is naturally deficient in Mg. Commercial struvite recovery units handling municipal wastewater sludge are in operation in countries like Japan, Canada, England, USA, Australia, Germany, The Netherlands and…”

Development and Testing of Zeolite-Based Slow Release Fertilizer NZEO-SR in Water and Soil Media

“…For this reason, zeolite has the potential to be used as slow-release fertilizer (Sepaskhah & Barzegar, 2010;Sepaskhah & Yousefi, 2007;Torma, Vilcek, Adamisin, Huttmanova, & Hronec, 2014;Vilcek, Torma, Adamisin, & Hronec, 2013). The NH 4 + adsorption capacity of zeolite is greatly affected by high ion concentrations and the presence of other cations like Mg 2+ in soil solution (Ganrot, Dave, & Nilsson, 2007;Putra, Mursanto, & Handayani, 2014).…”

Recovery of nutrients from biogas digestate with biochar and clinoptilolite

“…Clinoptilolite has been found to be efficient at removing orthophosphate from aqueous solutions (Milan et al, 1997;Ganrot et al, 2007;Allar & Beler-Baykal, 2013;Lin et al, 2015), even though orthophosphate is an anion and cannot be removed through ion exchange by clinoptilolite. Orthophosphate removal occurs via physical adsorption on Al 3+ sites of clinoptilolite (Sakadevan & Bavor, 1998;Ganrot et al, 2008).…”

“…It has been used for nutrient recovery from human urine with high efficiencies (Ganrot et al, 2007(Ganrot et al, , 2008Allar & Beler Baykal, 2015). As a natural mineral, it can be regarded as an easily available and reasonably-priced product since there are many deposits around the world (Inglezakis, 2005).…”