SUMMARYA field experiment was conducted to investigate whether infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi has any effect on herbi\-ory by foliar-feeding insects. Plants of Plantago lanceolata L. were grown in a randomized block design and naturaJ le\'e)s of mycorrhjza! infection reduced by the application of tbe granular fungicide lprodione. Plant growtb responses were examined and herbivore bioassays performed by rearing both a chewing and sucking insect on tbe lea\'es of mycorrhizal and fungicide-treated plants.Fungicide application successfully reduced mycorrhiza] infection, and this led to reductions in foliar biomass, caused by a lower leaf number. However, fungicide-treated plants suffered consistently higher levels of damage by generalist chewing and leaf-mining insects, which colonized the plants. The chewing insect bioassay confirmed the field results, in tbat larvae oi Arctia caja L. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) consumed more leaf material from plants in wbicb infection was reduced.Tbere was no evidence that AM fungi altered food quality for the chewing insect. Instead, infection caused an increase in the carbon/nutrient balance, which in turn led to increased levels of the carbon-based feeding deterrents, aucubin and catalpol.The sucking insect, Mysus persicae (Sulzer) reacted in an opposite fashion to the chewer, with performance being greater on mycorrhizal plants. Again, there was no evidence that an alteration in food quality was the cause, and m this case infection may result in changes in leaf morpbolog\-wbich benefit tbe insect.We suggest that under conditions of high light and low nutrient availability, AM infection can alter the carbon/nutrient balance of plants, leading to an increased allocation to carbon-based defences. This can have important consequences for insect herbivore performance and the patterns of herbivory in field situations.

Analysis 2.1. Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis (excluding studies with high risk of bias), Outcome 1 Vaginal cephalic birth not achieved (CS + breech vaginal

A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. alternative P fertilizer is already demonstrated at laboratory scale from range of waste streams of farm, municipal and industrial origin, with reasonably high orthophosphate recovery efficiency (~90%). However, apart from a few commercial extraction units using municipal sludge and urine, large scale struvite recovery is not widely adopted for many of these sources. Moreover, need of some research interventions that are restricting its profitable recovery are also highlighted by earlier studies. To increase recovery efficiency *Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript: Manuscript_struvite.docx Click here to view linked References from identified potential sources in terms of cost and energy input, research focuses on some new aspects of the process such as prospects of alternative recyclable magnesium sources, different seed materials and their related issues, which are analyzed in this review.Prospects of nitrogen conservation through struvite recovery and fertilizer value of struvite considering its properties, comparative performance with conventional fertilizer and interaction with soil and plant growth are also critically reviewed.

Objective To investigate the accuracy of interpretation of probabilistic screening information by different stakeholder groups and whether presentation as frequencies improves accuracy. Design Between participants experimental design; participants responded to screening information embedded in a scenario. Setting Regional maternity service and national conferences and training days. Participants 43 pregnant women attending their first antenatal appointment in a regional maternity service; 40 companions accompanying the women to their appointments; 42 midwives; 41 obstetricians. Participation rates were 56%, 48%, 89%, and 71% respectively. Measures Participants estimated the probability that a positive screening test result meant that a baby actually had Down's syndrome on the basis of all the relevant information, which was presented in a scenario. They were randomly assigned to scenarios that presented the information in percentage (n = 86) or frequency (n = 83) format. They also gave basic demographic information and rated their confidence in their estimate. Results Most responses (86%) were incorrect. Obstetricians gave significantly more correct answers (although still only 43%) than either midwives (0%) or pregnant women (9%). Overall, the proportion of correct answers was higher for presentation as frequencies (24%) than for presentation as percentages (6%), but further analysis showed that this difference occurred only in responses from obstetricians. Many health professionals were confident in their incorrect responses. Conclusions Most stakeholders in pregnancy screening draw incorrect inferences from probabilistic information, and health professionals need to be aware of the difficulties that both they and their patients have with such information. Moreover, they should be aware that different people make different mistakes and that ways of conveying information that help some people will not help others.

Betamimetics help to delay birth, which may give time to allow women to be transferred to tertiary care or to complete a course of antenatal corticosteroids. However, multiple adverse effects must be considered. The data are too few to support the use of any particular betamimetic.