Recovery of rare-earth element from rare-earth permanent magnet waste by electro-refining in molten fluorides

Yang, Yusheng; Lan, Chaoqun; Guo, Lingyun; An, Zhuoqing; Zhao, Zhiwei; Li, Baowei

doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116030

Cited by 41 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Meanwhile, it was confirmed that electrolytic production and refining are promising techniques for achieving energy-efficient recovery of rare earth elements [3]. As a result, high-temperature rare earths molten salt electrolysis has become a subject of intensive research and development [3,7,8]. Characterization of electrochemical behaviour of rare earth metals in molten salts should provide a further guide for the next steps in development and optimization of the recycling industrial processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To recover neodymium as a pure metal on an inert cathode by electrowinning, it requires a suitable combination of neodymium salts and solvents to compose a melt which will serve as an appropriate electrolyte [9]. Commonly investigated salt combinations include chlorides, fluorides, and oxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals and neodymium [8,10,11]. The electrolytes made of molten chlorides are mainly composed of NdCl 3 + LiCl + KCl [1][2][3]7,[11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fluoride electrolytes are considered more suitable because of their higher conductivity, lower hygroscopy, and higher current efficiency of the neodymium deposition compared to the chloride melts [17,18]. Most of the molten fluoride electrolytes for Nd electrowinning was found in the literature reference LiF (NaF or KF) with CaF 2 (or BaF 3 ) [8,10,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. NdF 3 and Nd 2 O 3 serve as sources of neodymium in such fluoride melts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation on the Electrochemical Behaviour and Deposition Mechanism of Neodymium in NdF3–LiF–Nd2O3 Melt on Mo Electrode

Cvetković

Feldhaus

Vukićević

et al. 2020

Metals

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Neodymium was electrochemically deposited from NdF3–LiF–Nd2O3 molten salt electrolyte onto the Mo electrode at temperatures close to 1273 K. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements were the applied electrochemical methods. Metallic neodymium is obtained by potentiostatic deposition. The optical microscopy and XRD were used to analyze the electrolyte, the working electrode surface, and the deposit on the electrode. It was established that Nd(III) ions were reduced to Nd metals in two steps: Nd(III) + e− → Nd(II) at potential ≈−0.55 V vs. W and Nd(II) + 2e− → Nd(0) at ≈−0.83 V vs. W. Both of these processes are reversible and under mass transfer control. Upon deposition under the regime of relatively small deposition overpotential of −0.10 V to −0.20 V, and after the electrolyte was cooled off, Nd metal was observed at the surface of the Mo electrode. CO and CF4 were gases registered as being evolved at the anode. CO and CF4 evolution were observed in quantities below 600 ppm and 10 ppm, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation on the Electrochemical Behaviour and Deposition Mechanism of Neodymium in NdF3–LiF–Nd2O3 Melt on Mo Electrode

Cvetković

Feldhaus

Vukićević

et al. 2020

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The Nd 3+ ions from the molten salt can then be electrodeposited at the cathode. Additionally, the rare earth elements Nd and Pr, which can also be found in permanent magnets, can successfully be recovered through an electrorefining process in molten fluorides [105]. Figure 13 shows the composition of the cathodic deposits and the current efficiency as a function of the applied currents.…”

Section: Non-aqueous Electrolytes Based Electrochemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Approaches for the Recovery of Metals from Electronic Waste: A Critical Review

et al. 2021

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Electronic waste (e-waste) management and recycling are gaining significant attention due to the presence of precious, critical, or strategic metals combined with the associated environmental burden of recovering metals from natural mines. Metal recovery from e-waste is being prioritized in metallurgical extraction owing to the fast depletion of natural mineral ores and the limited geographical availability of critical and/or strategic metals. Following collection, sorting, and physical pre-treatment of e-waste, electrochemical processes-based metal recovery involves leaching metals in an ionic form in a suitable electrolyte. Electrochemical metal recovery from e-waste uses much less solvent (minimal reagent) and shows convenient and precise control, reduced energy consumption, and low environmental impact. This critical review article covers recent progress in such electrochemical metal recovery from e-waste, emphasizing the comparative significance of electrochemical methods over other methods in the context of an industrial perspective.

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“…Furthermore, due to continuously increasing technological developments, nowadays the production of waste electrical and electronic equipment (the so-called e-waste, or WEEE) is noticeable [4]. As a consequence, different strategies to recover metals and/or REEs from several waste sources are currently being evaluated, for example from Liquid Crystal Displays and Plasma Display Panels (LCD/PDP) [1], mobile phones [1], the automotive industry [5], permanent magnets [6], and phosphors [7]. To achieve this recovery, hydrometallurgical operations with regard to leaching [8], chemical precipitation [9], ion exchange [10], emulsion liquid membrane [11] are under continuous development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Activated Carbon Obtained from Spent Coffee Ground Wastes to Effective Terbium Recovery from Liquid Solutions

Alcaraz

Saquinga

Escudero

et al. 2021

Metals

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A process aimed at the recovery of terbium from liquid solutions using activated carbon (AC) derived from spent coffee grounds (SCG) was assessed. AC was obtained using the hydro-alcoholic treatment of SCG, followed by the physical activation of the as-obtained product. The AC exhibited both microporous and mesoporous structures, which were shown by the corresponding nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. In addition, a certain graphitic character was found in the micro-Raman measurements. By use of this AC, terbium adsorption was investigated, and the influence of solution pH, temperature, and the adsorbent amount on terbium uptake was tested. In addition, adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies were also evaluated. The best fit was found for the type-1 Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that terbium adsorption is an endothermic and spontaneous process. Terbium desorption by the use of acidic solutions was also investigated. This work demonstrated that it is possible to recover this valuable metal from liquid solution using the present AC.

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Recovery of rare-earth element from rare-earth permanent magnet waste by electro-refining in molten fluorides

Cited by 41 publications

References 33 publications

Investigation on the Electrochemical Behaviour and Deposition Mechanism of Neodymium in NdF3–LiF–Nd2O3 Melt on Mo Electrode

Investigation on the Electrochemical Behaviour and Deposition Mechanism of Neodymium in NdF3–LiF–Nd2O3 Melt on Mo Electrode

Electrochemical Approaches for the Recovery of Metals from Electronic Waste: A Critical Review

Application of Activated Carbon Obtained from Spent Coffee Ground Wastes to Effective Terbium Recovery from Liquid Solutions

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