Recovery of valuable metals from cathodic active material of spent lithium ion batteries: Leaching and kinetic aspects

Meshram, Pratima; Pandey, B.D.; Mankhand, T R

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.027

Cited by 264 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, cathode transition metals have low solubility as they exist in +3/+4 valence states in discharged cathodes and are difficult to leach due to the strong M–O bonds. The reductant aids leaching by reducing the metals toward a divalent state (M 2+ ), which is critical toward achieving high leaching efficiencies (>95%), especially for Co and Mn . H 2 O 2 is the most commonly used reductant as it possesses a low oxidation potential, low reagent cost, and produces harmless byproducts.…”

Section: Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

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Section: Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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“…As per existing literatures, the frameworks for recycling are developed with a focus on chemical processes for recycling and recovery of materials from batteries. The frameworks developed in the past studies are summarized and shown in Figure .…”

Section: Framework For Recycling Of Battery Packmentioning

confidence: 99%

A generic framework for recycling of battery module for electric vehicle by combining the mechanical and chemical procedures

Zhang

Garg

et al. 2018

Int J Energy Res

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Summary By year 2020, due to enormous growth of production of electric vehicles, it is estimated that approximately 250 000 tons of battery must be disposed or recycled. Till date, the technology to recycle this much amount of batteries in a single year does not exist. Nor, do the methods for recycling are standardized and regulated because of differences in configurations of battery packs. This article conducts a systematic review on research of recycling methods for battery pack used in various stages such as from the dismantling/ disassembly of the battery pack, the detection of the residual energy of the battery, and the recycling/recovery of materials from the battery. The review summarizes basically the 2 main aspects of recycling of battery pack: the mechanical procedure and the chemical recycling. The work describes the existing recycling technology in these 2 aspects and identifies the important research problems in the process of recycling of battery pack such as (1) complexity of dismantling process of battery pack; (2) diversity of connectors used in battery pack; (3) safety of dismantling of battery pack; (4) instability of chemical materials in battery; (5) the chaos of the recycling market; and (6) emerging battery dismantling technologies. One important direction suggested is the automation of battery pack disassembly, which is a main factor towards formulation of generic framework for recycling of battery pack in an efficient manner. Based on these gaps, the present work also proposes a framework for the recycling of battery pack by combining the semi‐automation mechanical procedure of battery pack and enhanced chemical recycling of battery for recovery of vital materials. Future work for authors is to work on establishing and validation of proposed framework. The advantages of the proposed framework are compared with that obtained from the existing framework. The proposed framework when used shall result in efficient and effective recycling of battery module and promote greener environment.

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“…The leaching data for manganese did not fit well to the empirical model because it was present in different oxidation states in the spent batteries. Besides, the manganese containing phases are reported to have mainly the spinel structure [20][21] which seems to be less amenable to the prevailing leaching conditions, and hence the kinetic plot for manganese is not shown in the text. The relation between the specific rate constant determined from Eq.…”

Section: Kinetics Of Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrometallurgical processing of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in the presence of a reducing agent with emphasis on kinetics of leaching

Meshram

Pandey

Mankhand

2015

Chemical Engineering Journal

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453

148

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Recovery of valuable metals from cathodic active material of spent lithium ion batteries: Leaching and kinetic aspects

Cited by 264 publications

References 22 publications

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

A generic framework for recycling of battery module for electric vehicle by combining the mechanical and chemical procedures

Hydrometallurgical processing of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in the presence of a reducing agent with emphasis on kinetics of leaching

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