Recurrence of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Giorda, Carlo; Avogaro, Angelo; Maggini, Marco; Lombardo, Flavia; Mannucci, Edoardo; Turco, Salvatore; Alegiani, Stefania Spila; Raschetti, Roberto; Velussi, Mario; Ferrannini, Ele

doi:10.2337/dc08-1013

Cited by 77 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…5 The effects of RHL on hepatic morphology and fat accumulation. The mice were anesthetized with chloral hydrate, and the liver tissue was removed and fixed in 10 % neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned with 5 lm thickness, and then stained with hematoxylin-eosin (a) or with Nile red (b) 285 million people who had diabetes and it is estimated this number will be double by 2030 (Wild et al 2004;Herman 2007;Giorda et al 2008). However, hypoglycemic agents on the market can not effectively control blood glucose and prevent the occurrence of complication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The protection of Rhein lysinate to liver in diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin

Lin¹,

Hu²,

et al. 2014

Arch. Pharm. Res.

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Rhein lysinate (RHL) is the salt of lysine and rhein and the objective of this study was to investigate the protection of RHL to liver in diabetic mice. The model of type 2 diabetes was established by high-fat diet and streptozotocin treatment. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured using a spectrophotometer. Inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) and related proteins (ERK1/2 and SREBP-1c) were analyzed by Western blot. Tissue profile was determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and accumulation of fat was examined by Nile red staining. The results indicated that plasma glucose levels of type 2 diabetic mice were over 13.9 mM. Compared with model group, plasma glucose levels were decreased, however insulin levels were increased in RHL (25 and 50 mg/kg)-treated group. Elevated plasma triglyceride and cholesterol were also markedly attenuated after RHL treatment. The activities of SOD and GSH-Px of livers were increased after RHL treatment. Livers of RHL-treated mice had more normal structure and less steatosis than that of diabetic mice. Moreover, RHL decreased the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 and the phosphorylation of SREBP-1c and ERK1/2. In conclusion, RHL has a noticeable hepatic protection in diabetic mice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The protection of Rhein lysinate to liver in diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin

Lin¹,

Hu²,

et al. 2014

Arch. Pharm. Res.

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“…[1][2][3] Hence, identification of markers of increased risk for development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), that add to established risk parameters for CVD such as smoking, 4 cholesterol level, 5 albuminuria 6,7 and creatinine level, 8 is important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulse pressure and systolic night–day ratio interact in prediction of macrovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

et al. 2011

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Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined the predictive ability of 24-hour ambulatory pulse pressure (24-h PP), ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and diurnal blood pressure (BP) parameters for fatal and non-fatal CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 108 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean duration 6.6 years) were followed for 9.5 (0.5-14.5) years. At baseline, all patients underwent ambulatory BP monitoring. During follow-up, 45 patients had cardiovascular (CV) events (35 non-fatal and 10 fatal). In bivariate analysis, events during follow-up were predicted by 24-h PP (Po0.01), AASI, 24-h systolic BP and systolic and diastolic night-day BP ratio (Po0.05 for all). In Cox regression analysis adjusted for established risk markers, only 24-h PP and systolic night-day BP ratio predicted CV events, Po0.05 for both. A significant interaction between the two parameters was found, Po0.05; thus, the higher the systolic night-day ratio, the greater the increase in hazard ratio (HR) per mmHg increase in 24-h PP and vice versa. A combined 10 mmHg increase in 24-h PP and 10%-point increase in systolic night-day ratio from the 25th percentile increased the adjusted HR (95% confidence interval) for CV events with 1.29 (0.53; 3.12), whereas a similar increase from the 75th percentile increased the HR with 4.2 (1.54; 11,51). Our study showed that 24-h PP and systolic night-day ratio interact as predictors of CV events in type 2 diabetes patients, and should be considered in conjunction when evaluating the risk of CVD.

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“…An analysis of United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) data found a 2% per annum progression from normo-to micro-albuminuria, as well as an additional 2% per annum progression from microalbuminuria to proteinuria [13]. An Italian study of the recurrence of cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes reported a 72.7 per 1000 patient-years incidence of a recurrent event in men with cardiovascular disease at time of enrolment and a 32.5 incidence in women [14].Over the last decade, there has been a rapid escalation in the prevalence of obesity, one that parallels the equally rapid increase in type 2 diabetes [15]. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers obesity to be a global epidemic [16].…”

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confidence: 99%

Diabesity: therapeutic options

Colagiuri¹

2010

Diabetes Obesity Metabolism

102

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A pathogenic relationship exists between type 2 diabetes and obesity. Over the last decade, the escalation in diabetes cases has paralleled the rapid increase in obesity rates, constituting a global health crisis. Environmental risk factors attributed to the global increase in obesity include the consumption of high-calorie, high-fat foods and inadequate physical activity. Obese individuals may also have a genetic predisposition for obesity. Both diabetes and obesity confer an elevated risk of developing a range of complications and comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke, which can complicate disease management. This review examines the aetiology of the linkages between diabetes and obesity and the range of available therapies. Recent clinical evidence substantiating the efficacy and safety of incretin-based antidiabetic therapies is analysed, in addition to data on antiobesity therapeutic strategies, such as antiobesity agents, behaviour modification and bariatric surgery. Glucose control is often accompanied by weight-neutral or modest weight reduction effects with DPP-4 inhibitor treatment (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin) and weight loss with GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy (exenatide, liraglutide). Studies of antiobesity agents including orlistat, sibutramine and rimonabant have shown attrition rates of 30-40%, and the long-term effects of these agents remain unknown. Bariatric surgical procedures commonly performed are laparoscopic adjustable banding of the stomach and the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and have produced type 2 diabetes remission rates of up to 73%. Therapeutic strategies that integrate glycaemic control and weight loss will assume greater importance as the prevalence of diabetes and obesity increase. Keywords: DPP-4, exenatide, GLP-1 analogue, human, incretin, liraglutide, once-daily, type 2 diabetes mellitus Date submitted 2 June 2009; date of first decision 2 November 2009; date of final acceptance 4 November 2009 IntroductionThe term 'diabesity', coined by Sims and colleagues [1] in the 1970s, describes the strong link between type 2 diabetes and obesity [1,2]. As evidence of this pathogenic interrelationship continues to accumulate, so does the appearance of the term in the clinical literature. A large body of clinical evidence attests to the relationship between being overweight or obese and being at an elevated risk for development of type 2 diabetes [3][4][5][6][7]. The risk escalates with the degree of excess weight, increasing threefold with a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0-29.9 kg/m 2 and 20-fold with a BMI over 30 kg/m 2 [4]. In particular, abdominal fat accumulation exacerbates insulin resistance and confers a strong, independent risk of developing diabetes [8]. Global diabetes prevalence is estimated at 171 million and is projected to more than double, to 366 million, by 2030 [9]. Countries with the highest numbers of diabetes cases include India, China, USA, Indonesia and Japan [9][10][11]. The greatest relative increases in diabetes incide...

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Recurrence of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Cited by 77 publications

References 29 publications

The protection of Rhein lysinate to liver in diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin

The protection of Rhein lysinate to liver in diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin

Pulse pressure and systolic night–day ratio interact in prediction of macrovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabesity: therapeutic options

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