Recurrent liquefaction in Christchurch, New Zealand, during the Canterbury earthquake sequence

Quigley, Mark; Bastin, Sarah; Bradley, Brendon

doi:10.1130/g33944.1

Cited by 157 publications

(121 citation statements)

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“…This suggests that, in addition to earthquake shaking intensity and epicentral distance, the morphology of the liquefaction features is influenced by geologic, hydrologic, and geomorphic site characteristics. Quigley et al (2013) showed power-law empirical relationships between relative PGA 7:5 and relative sand-blow thicknesses and areal extents, indicating that surface liquefaction volumes (but not feeder-dike widths) corresponded to shaking intensity at a given site. This implied that preceding liquefaction and related effects (e.g., soil densification) did not significantly reduce the susceptibility of sediments to future liquefaction at the studied site.…”

Section: Influence Of the Sedimentary Environment In The Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sand blows ranged in size from tens of centimeters to meters, and concentrations of sand blows occurred over large areas up to ∼1 km 2 , with a variety of expressions of liquefaction occurring over a wider area of 40 × 20 km 2 (Cubrinovski and Green, 2010; Cubrinovski et al, 2011;Ward et al, 2011;Almond et al, 2012;Kaiser et al, 2012;Reid et al, 2012;Quigley et al, 2013;Bastin et al, 2015;Townsend et al, 2016). As many as 10 distinct liquefaction episodes were reported for a site in Avonside in eastern Christchurch that is underlain by very liquefiable sediment .…”

Section: Liquefaction In the Canterbury Plainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a first approximation to excluding some of these seismic-source candidates, we used a PGA 7:5 threshold approach (e.g., Quigley et al, 2013;Santucci de Magistris et al, 2013) and the new magnitude-bound relations developed from historic New Zealand liquefaction data (Maurer et al, 2015). For the PGA 7:5 threshold approach, we used two different ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs, McVerry et al, 2006;Bradley, 2013) to calculate the PGA 7:5 (magnitude weighted; Youd et al, 2001) at our site from modeled ruptures of each fault (Table 1).…”

Section: Paleoliquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1; Bannister and Gledhill, 2012;Kaiser et al, 2012), produced extensive liquefaction in Christchurch City and the surrounding area (Cubrinovski and Green, 2010;Cubrinovski et al, 2011;Ward et al, 2011;Brackley, 2012;Kaiser et al, 2012;Reid et al, 2012;Bastin et al, 2013Bastin et al, , 2015Quigley et al, 2013;Townsend et al, 2016). Prior to 2010, moderate historical earthquakes had induced liquefaction in the Canterbury region (e.g., the 1901 M w 6.8 Cheviot earthquake; Berrill et al, 1994), and liquefaction susceptibility maps of Christchurch have been available for decades (e.g., Elder et al, 1991, and others; for details, see Brackley, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paleoseismological trenching studies have contributed to an understanding of the occurrence and preservation of liquefaction features in the geologic record (Almond et al, 2012;Bastin et al, 2013Bastin et al, , 2015Bastin et al, , 2016Quigley et al, 2013;Villamor et al, 2014). A few pre-2010 liquefaction features have been found in excavations of 2010-2011 sand blows in Christchurch City.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features

Villamor¹,

Almond²,

Tuttle³

et al. 2016

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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Liquefaction features and the geologic environment in which they formed were carefully studied at two sites near Lincoln in southwest Christchurch. We undertook geomorphic mapping, excavated trenches, and obtained hand cores in areas with surficial evidence for liquefaction and areas where no surficial evidence for liquefaction was present at two sites (Hardwick and Marchand). The liquefaction features identified include (1) sand blows (singular and aligned along linear fissures), (2) blisters or injections of subhorizontal dikes into the topsoil, (3) dikes related to the blows and blisters, and (4) a collapse structure. The spatial distribution of these surface liquefaction features correlates strongly with the ridges of scroll bars in meander settings. In addition, we discovered paleoliquefaction features, including several dikes and a sand blow, in excavations at the sites of modern liquefaction. The paleoliquefaction event at the Hardwick site is dated at A.D. 908-1336 , and the one at the Marchand site is dated at A.D. 1017-1840 (95% confidence intervals of probability density functions obtained by Bayesian analysis). If both events are the same, given proximity of the sites, the time of the event is A.D. 1019-1337. If they are not, the one at the Marchand site could have been much younger. Taking into account a preliminary liquefaction-triggering threshold of equivalent peak ground acceleration for an M w 7.5 event (PGA 7:5 ) of 0:07g, existing magnitude-bounded relations for paleoliquefaction, and the timing of the paleoearthquakes and the potential PGA 7:5 estimated for regional faults, we propose that the Porters Pass fault, Alpine fault, or the subduction zone faults are the most likely sources that could have triggered liquefaction at the study sites. There are other nearby regional faults that may have been the source, but there is no paleoseismic data with which to make the temporal link.Online Material: Figures showing areas of liquefaction, trench logs, information on dike and sand-blow parameters, dike azimuths, core logs, radiocarbon samples, and OxCal analysis, and tables detailing units exposed in the trenches and stereonets.

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Section: Influence Of the Sedimentary Environment In The Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Liquefaction In the Canterbury Plainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Paleoliquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features

Villamor¹,

Almond²,

Tuttle³

et al. 2016

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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Seismotectonics of the 2014 Chiang Rai, Thailand, earthquake sequence

et al. 2017

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On 5 May 2014, a Mw 6.2 strike‐slip earthquake occurred in the Mae Lao region of Chiang Rai province in Thailand. This earthquake took place in a region of known faults and caused substantial damage and injuries, although the region had been previously identified as having a relatively low earthquake hazard. Detailed field reconnaissance and deployment of a dense, temporary, network of broadband seismometers allowed details of the damage and its relationship to seismicity to be analyzed. The aftershock sequence associated with this main shock occurs on two well‐defined trends, reflecting the two potential fault planes in earthquake mechanisms for the main shock and the majority of the aftershocks. The damage area was relatively large for an event of this magnitude, but building damage was largely limited to the primary rupture region, while liquefaction and other ground failure are spatially associated with the rupture area and along regional rivers. Stress modeling, combined with the time series and pattern of aftershock activity, leads us to propose that slip near the northern termination of the main shock rupture continued slightly onto a conjugate fault, helping to trigger the distinct pattern of two discrete, conjugate trends of aftershock activity that mirror the kinematics of the main shock fault mechanism.

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Coseismic Surface Rupture and Related Disaster During the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu Earthquake, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

Liu

Ren

et al. 2022

Atlas of Structural Geological and Geomorphological Interpretation of Remote Sensing Images

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Recurrent liquefaction in Christchurch, New Zealand, during the Canterbury earthquake sequence

Cited by 157 publications

References 8 publications

Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features

Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features

Seismotectonics of the 2014 Chiang Rai, Thailand, earthquake sequence

Coseismic Surface Rupture and Related Disaster During the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu Earthquake, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

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