Recurrent losses and rapid evolution of the condensin II complex in insectsg

Abstract

Condensins play a crucial role in the organization of genetic material by compacting and disentangling chromosomes. The condensin I and condensin II complexes are widely considered to have distinct functions based on studies in a few model organisms, although the specific functions of each complex are yet to be fully understood. The condensin II complex is critical for genome organization in Drosophila, and is a key anti-pairing factor that separates homologous chromosomes in somatic cells. Intriguingly, the Cap-G2 subunit of condensin II is absent in Drosophila melanogaster, and this loss may be related to the high levels of homologous chromosome pairing in somatic cells seen in flies.Here, we find that this Cap-G2 loss predates the origin of Dipterans, and other CapG2 losses have occurred independently in multiple insect lineages. Furthermore, the Cap-H2 and Cap-D3 subunits have also been repeatedly and independently lost in several insect orders, and some taxa lack condensin II-specific subunits entirely. We used Oligopaint DNA-FISH to quantify pairing levels in ten species across seven orders, representing several different configurations of the condensin II complex. We find that all non-Dipteran insects display near-uniform low pairing levels, suggesting that some key aspects of genome organization are robust to condensin II subunit losses. Finally, we observe consistent signatures of positive selection in condensin II subunits across flies and mammals. These findings suggest that these ancient complexes are far more evolutionarily labile than previously suspected, and are at the crossroads of several forms of genomic conflicts. Our results raise fundamental questions about the specific functions of the two condensin complexes and the interplay between them in taxa that have experienced subunit losses, and open the door to further investigations to elucidate the diversity of molecular mechanisms that underlie genome organization across various life forms.

Molecular dissection of condensin II-mediated chromosome assembly using in vitro assays

“…Intriguingly, the cap-g2 gene is missing in the genome of the fruit fly D. melanogaster (Herzog et al, 2013), although the cap-d3 and cap-h2 genes have meiotic functions and participate in interphase chromosome territory formation (Hartl et al, 2008;Rosin et al, 2018). Moreover, a recent survey has revealed recurrent losses and rapid evolution of the condensin II complex in insect species (King et al, 2019): among the genes encoding the non-SMC subunits of condensin II, cap-g2 has been lost most frequently during insect evolution. Our current results show that the mutant complex lacking CAP-G2 is able to support chenille-like chromosome assembly even at a lower concentration than the holocomplex.…”