Recurrent Spontaneous Seizure State Induced by Prefrontal Kindling in Senegalese Baboons, Papio Papio

Abstract

SUMMARY:In our earlier study of amygdaloid kindling in Papio papio (Pp), the development of partial complex seizure and of focal motor seizure was correlated with bifrontal theta discharge and increasing Rolandic spike discharge respectively and the final stage was characterized by primary generalized convulsive seizure. Since the latter seizure pattern is known to originate from the frontal focus in man, the frontal cortex became suspect in the development of the final stage seizure pattern. Daily prefrontal stimulation showed that Pp can be kindled from this site, culminating in a recurrent spontaneous seizure state identical to that induced by amygdaloid kindling in this species. However, our observation did not support our original assumption regarding the genesis of primary generalized convulsive seizure. Prefrontal and amygdaloid kindling are significantly different with respect to morphology, distribution and propagation of afterdischarge and interictal spike discharge, and speed and pattern of clinical seizure development. Most intriguingly, inter-ictal behavioral aberration associated with depth EEG changes was observed only in the prefrontal animals and not in the amygdaloid animals.

Kindling Susceptibility and Genetic Seizure Predisposition in Inbred Mice

“…Investigators comparing induction of two different kindling models within the same animal have usually noted that one type of seizure kindling increases vulnerability to another type of kindling (Cain, 1980(Cain, , 1981(Cain, , 1983Holmes and Weber, 1983), although occasional exceptions are noted (Okada et al, 1985; Thompson et al, 1988). Genetic models have almost unanimously demonstrated an increased vulnerability to other types of seizure inducement (Hamburgh and Vicari, 1960;Hertz et al, 1974;Deckard et al, 1976;Wada et al, 1976;Zhao et al, 1985;Savage et al, 1986;Sugaya et al, 1986). A single contradictory study comparing susceptibility to audiogenic seizures and vulnerability to hyperthermia-induced seizures in mice showed no cross-strain correlation between them, suggesting that separate genetic factors contribute to development of each of these features (Maxson, 1980).…”

“…Potential interactions between genetic and nongenetic animal models of epilepsy have not been fully explored. In the Senegalese baboon, Pupio pupio, neither prefrontal nor amygdala kindling altered the endogenous seizure susceptibility of these animals to photic stimulation (Wada et al, 1976). In genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR), angular gyrus stimulations disclosed accelerated kindling in comparison to control rats (Savage et al, 1986).…”

Distinct behavioral phenotypes in novel “fast” kindling-susceptible and “slow” kindling-resistant rat strains selected by stimulation of the hippocampal perforant path

“…Kindling can be induced in species ranging from amphibians to primates by repeated episodes of network synchronization or seizures which cause a progressive, permanent increase in susceptibility to additional seizures (Goddard, et al 1969). Kindling induces progressive, permanent structural and functional circuit alterations with increasing susceptibility to additional seizures in neural circuits throughout the brain, and eventually results in emergence of recurring spontaneous seizures that define epilepsy (Wada, et al 1975; Wada and Osawa 1976; Pinel and Rovner 1978; Sayin, et al 2003, Bertram 2007). The process of kindling has been widely used as an experimental model for investigation of temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common form of poorly controlled human epilepsy (Neligan, et al 2012).…”

Effect of septal kindling on glutamate binding and calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation in a postsynaptic density fraction isolated from rat cerebral cortex.

“…Progression of the kindling phenomenon is characterized by increases in after-discharge duration and amplitude (2)(3)(4)(5), a spread to secondary sites (5,6), and decreases in threshold in distant cortical sites (2). Kindling shows remarkable temporal and spatial specificity as seen in many species from frog (7) to subhuman primates (8) and, once established, may persist without further stimulation for the life of the animal (9). After sufficient training, some animals develop spontaneous seizures (10).…”